Alcohol Alcoholism And Alcohol Abuse Essay - 1319 Words

Alcoholism and alcohol abuse are different, although they have several connected characteristics, including genetics, how you were raised, social environment, and emotional health. Some of the following are indicators of alcohol abuse e.g., craving alcohol, having tried to quit in the past, but could not, spending longer time drinking than you expected, or continuing to drink even though it causes trouble with family or friends. An alcoholic is someone who has no control over alcohol and is unable to live a normal or healthy life; consequently, it causes a psychological and physical dependence upon alcohol. Alcoholics typically experience physical withdrawals when not drinking. Both disorders have a significant attribute for risky behavior e.g., drinking and driving or unsafe sex. Alcohol distresses all parts of the body, particularly the brain, pancreas, liver, and heart. Hereditary factors attribute to whether the individual has a propensity towards alcohol abuse, while studies indicate that there is a greater risk factor if there is a family history of substance abuse. Lineages can transport a gene that makes individuals more susceptible to becoming an alcoholic. This is only part of the calculation; the other takes account our environment â€Å"Our hereditary behaviors interact with our environment to form the basis of our decisions.† (www.addictioncenter.com) some people are more sensitive to stress and use alcohol as a way of soothing their self. Individuals thatShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism and Alcohol Abuse1492 Words   |  6 Pagesmortality rates due to alcohol-related accidents and health issues are close to 35,000† (â€Å"Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse). This fact explains how many problems come along with alcohol abuse, and tell about health issues and accidents that could be caused by alcohol. Alcohol can be very dangerous and threaten the lives of people even if they are not the one consuming alcohol. Wrecks often happen and kill innocent people as a result of people drinking and driving. There are many alcohol related deaths inRead MoreAlcoholism and Alcohol Abuse1082 Words   |  5 Pagesan addiction to alcohol. This drug can be a mild to chronic addiction and sometimes can turn out fatal for some people (Chakraburtty). Almost 100,000 people have died from overusing this drug (Chakraburtty). Alcoholism and alcohol abuse is not only damaging emotionally, physically, and mentally to the person who is doing it, but to the people around them as well. Both alcoholism and alcohol abuse are each categorized as different cases. Alcohol abuse is different from alcoholism because people whoRead MoreAlcoholism And Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism Essay1891 Words   |  8 Pagesconsumers of alcohol do not suffer adverse consequences. Individuals with excessive drinking patterns, nevertheless, have an elevated risk for alcohol-linked problems ranging from social to health issues. Alcohol abusers are a sub-population of alcoholic or alcohol-dependent individuals. However, the terms â€Å"abuse of alcohol† and â€Å"alcohol dependence† are dissimilar (Harford Muthen, 2001). Consequently, alcohol abusers may drink excessively without being dependent. In addition, alcohol abuse includesRead MoreAlcohol Abuse And Alcoholism Abuse1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe alcohol abuse definition is similar to alcoholism in that in both cases alcohol is causing harm to the drinker s life and those around them. The difference is that those who abuse alcohol, but are not yet alcoholics, typically can put some limitations on their drinking and they have not yet become physically addicted to alcohol. The key to the alcohol abuse definition is not in the amount of alcohol consumed but on how it affects an individual. Alcohol abuse is a psychiatric diagnosis in whichRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism1446 Words   |  6 Pageswork, a person should understand the effects of alcohol, not only on an individual, but also the effects on the families. Alcohol is one of the many substances that people use and abuse. Since alcohol is legal for any one over the age of twenty-one, many people begin drinking and then develop an addiction to the substance (Goldberg, 2016). Alcoholism effects people of all ages, background, social status, or ethnic group (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2016). A social worker should understand howRead MoreEssay on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse2432 Words   |  10 PagesAlcohol is the numb er one drug problem among America’s youth. More senior high school students use alcohol than any other psychoactive drug. Family doctors, pediatricians, schoolteachers, and parents know that alcohol is overwhelmingly the drug of choice among today’s youth, although trendier substances such as cocaine are often given more attention in the headlines (Carla Felsted, p. vii). Furthermore, it is widely acknowledged that drinking alcohol is a part of the youth culture in America;Read MoreAlcohol Abuse Should Not Be Confused With Alcoholism Or Alcohol Dependence950 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol abuse should not be confused with alcoholism or alcohol dependence. It is important to note the difference between the three. It is predicted that alcohol abuse affects individual physically, emotionally, and psychologically. Although some psychological, physical and economical effects may occur with both, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence (alcoholism) for the purpose of this pa per the alcohol abuse is the main focus. Introduction Alcohol abuse is a serious disease that impacts individualRead More Alcohol Abuse: Alcoholism as a Disease Essay2176 Words   |  9 PagesThe problem of alcohol abuse has been recognized for thousands of years, but only more recently have we begun to see alcohol addiction as a treatable disorder. According to the Classical Disease Model of `Alcoholism, habitual use of alcohol can be identified as a disease. Websters Dictionary defines the concept of `disease as follows: Any departure from health presenting marked symptoms; malady; illness; disorder. Therefore, as many occurrences of alcohol excess provoke such symptoms, it isRead MoreAlcohol Abuse And Alcoholism Is A Big Part Of The Society Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol has been a big part of the society. It is how people socialize whether they are a business meeting, a party, a bar, and many more places and events. They tend to consume alcohol without knowing and questioning how much they have had. A huge amount of the population have not asked themselves this question, â€Å"Do I know what a standard drink is?† According to National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism’s (NIAAA) booklet Rethinking Drinking, â€Å"Many people are surprised to learn what countsRead MoreAlcoholism : A Growing Problem1468 Words   |  6 PagesAlcoholism Alcoholism is a growing problem in today s society. What is alcoholism? Is it a disease? What are the causes of it? What toll does alcohol abuse have on individuals? American society? American economy? What kind of treatments are available to reduce/cure alcoholism? What is alcoholism? Alcoholism is a physical or psychological need for an alcoholic beverage, which is taken for non-medical reasons and produces a noticeable effect on the body (Sheen 93). People develop the need for alcohol

Health Services Management Developing Professional

Question: Describe about the Health Services Management for Developing Professional. Answer: Introduction Health Service management in New Zealand is governed by theoretical and practical experiences for developing professional in their career(Noe, 2010). Training in educating of health care opens up an environment of opportunities and practices. Training in the field is considered more effective when it is able to attain to particular skills, knowledge and attitudes through which needs of the society and that pertaining to health services is attended. Training needs to be provided to individuals wanting to join the field as there are a variety of expectations and demands from such roles. Stakeholders in health services have high expectations when receiving health services, hence individuals needs to have an understanding of the varied roles and responsibilities involving clinician, administrator, customer, manager, councilor and educator. Thus, there lies the challenge in designing health service training programs that can address diversity of the field. This essay is a reflective disco urse that attends to the developing as an effective trainer(Carless D. , 2007). This essay pertains to the challenges and benefits arising from such training in order to be effective. Critical Reflection Imparting training to health services is often considered a challenging task considering its diversity of knowledge areas. I faced immense number of challenges to develop myself as an effective trainer. While the areas of knowledge were quite vast so were the areas requiring practical expertise(Anderson, 2006). I consider myself to be very lucky to be a part of this course and to be able to learn the various concepts and technicalities pertaining to health services especially in New Zealand. The course covers vast range of topics from stakeholder analysis to environmental understanding, to having concepts regarding deliverables in the organization. Earlier I had very less ideas regarding health service and areas that needs to be understood in pertaining to the field. But after taking up and going through the course I have come to realize that it is more of a management oriented topic that needs to have ideas regarding various subjects and concepts. My professors were immensely helpfu l and there have been high transfer of knowledge from them while learning and developing skills pertaining to health service oriented training(Andrade, 2007). So, there was high transfer of knowledge that happened from my professors during the period of my course to help and guide me to becoming an effective trainer. I used the Johari window model to analyze my self-capabilities to determine any gaps in my understanding of becoming an effective trainer in health care. After thorough analysis I realized that I have immense knowledge and determination to pursue the subject and knowledge to accomplish trainer career in health services. But I need to improvise on my communicating skills in order to address the primary challenges of training. I also need to have practical experience and guided learning sessions from where I will be able to learn regarding my mistakes and flaws(Manley, 2008). I need to have a mentor whom I will follow in order to excel in the field of training at least for the first few years. I also need to have understanding of the working dynamics of the field and the various challenges that one can possibly face. As I have all theoretical knowledge and very less practical knowledge it is impossible for me to understand beforehand the several challenges that I am going got face. The refore, I need to enhance my learning from experiences of several authors in this field that will help be develop an understanding(Boud, 2006). Figure 1 : Johari Window Model Source : (Joughin, 2009) I have leant and am thorough with all relevant concepts and knowledge areas in the health services. A pre-requisite of being a good trainer is to have good knowledge and understanding of the various topics that is covered in the course, such that he is able to communicate the same with confidence. Training in a subject require expertise and competence therefore one needs to have a thorough understanding of the various topics and aspects covered in health services. I felt there was immense need to have proper communicating skills in order to transfer ideas that I want to teach or train. I was earlier shy and could not easily make presentation but with this course I have been able to develop skills through which I am capable of making deliveries to a class of students(Nolte, 2008). I have been through a number of presentations and course work that has uplifted my spirits and confidence hence I am able to deliver as a motivated trainer. In order to sharpen my communication skills to become an effective trainer I devised strategies. Strategies include practicing and preparing training sessions to be delivered way before hand to avoid communicational error. I train effectively by making use of presentations, which are easily readable and understandable. Also use of handouts enables students to understand concepts better. Adult Learning Theory-Andragogy demonstrates the art of learning art and science forms for adult learning. Andragogy is similar to pedagogy, and depicts ways adult learner learn. Malcolm Knowles is a theoretical and practical approach that bases humanistic conceptions including self-direction with teachers as facilitators. Bernice McCarthy proposed four key learning styles for adults that included dynamic learners, imaginative leaners, analytic learners and common sense learners. Kolb Learning styles on the other hand was based on experimental learning. The VAK Learning Style distinguished between visual, auditory and kinesthetic learners. The Cone of Learning provides another teaching method for adult learners. These styles are very different from one we experienced during our childhood that was primarily leant from whatever we assimilated from our teachers. Figure 2 : Adult Learning Source : (Boud, 2006) Figure 3 : The Cone of Learning Source : (Jones, 2006) In order to be an effective trainer I need to motivate students to take up research in areas that have been taught. Researching from relevant texts, journals, organizational website is a monotonous task hence student needs to be motivated for the same(Jones, 2006). I believe that in order to be an effective trainer some amount of curiousness is needed to be build up within students. Such can be imparted by skills that I have already learnt in class consisting of raising some questions and pertinent enquiries in class through interactive learning and discussions. An effective trainer is one who is able to enhance practical scenario performance by proper demonstration. Apart from being able to encompass and address the various aspects of module that is to be covered in health services, an effective trainer also needs to provide relevant and practical examples(Macky, 2008). Working practically in field of health care is extremely diverse and requires attending to several aspects related to customer care. Profit chain in health care is related to customer satisfaction which in turn arises from employee satisfaction. Thus, employee needs to perform effectively such that customers are satisfied, this requires employees to have a proper understanding related to the several aspects of health services. A trainer needs to highlight points of success, points of failure encompassing examples from organizations to enable better understanding for students. So, I will always try and incorporate various examples and situations to evoke practical responses f rom students and to ease their understanding(Joughin, 2009). In order to develop oneself to be an effective trainer, he or she needs to provide scope for professional development. Allowing opportunities for learning and integrate such learning into experience is important reflection of a good trainer. Students need to be provided adequate opportunities to demonstrate their assimilation of learning and skills. Hence, a trainer needs to have networking capabilities with several organizations in health care. Such networking can allow proper placement or internship opportunities for students(Craddock, 2009). Trainers having good relationship with organization can also take students for a visit to such facilities to impart students technical capabilities. Another pertinent area for being an effective trainer is to undertake student assessment. While tutoring on several aspects and areas of health service, proper questions and periodic assessments needs to be provided to students so as to be able to evaluate their skills and understanding levels. I need to develop such expertise to be able to tests students skills and knowledge pertaining to relevant theoretical areas. All the process will help to achieve my career aim of becoming an effective trainer. I need to pursue my goals dedicatedly and overcome the challenges faced in the field to become a sort after trainer(Carless D. S., 2011). My aims are quite high and I want to pursue them even if I experience hurdle, I will try and overcome with proper planning and persistence of mind. Conclusion Developing oneself to become an effective trainer is a multi-dimensional role often difficult to achieve. With a variety of diversified approach it is possible to become an effective trainer and demonstrate good training capabilities. Reflection of learning from the course shows that it has been able to attain objectives directed at for the intended learning. The course is highly capable and complete to transform an individual into a capable leader in health services. I need to develop my communication and networking skills in which I lag, prior to entering the practical field of training in health services. By further undertaking reflective analysis I have been able to analyze and understand my self-capabilities which I need to enhance and explore to further my accomplishment to becoming an effective trainer. Though I lack certain skills but with constant perseverance and determination I will be able to establish myself as a capable trainer. References Anderson, I. C.-P. (2006). Indigenous health in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific. . The Lancet, 367(9524), 1775-1785. Andrade, H. . (2007). Student responses to criteria?referenced self?assessment. . Assessment evaluation in higher education, 32(2), 159-181. Boud, D. . (2006). Aligning assessment with long?term learning. . Assessment Evaluation in Higher Education, 31(4), 399-413. Carless, D. (2007). Learning?oriented assessment: conceptual bases and practical implications. . Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 44(1), 57-66. Carless, D. S. (2011). Developing sustainable feedback practices. . Studies in Higher Education, 36(4), 395-407. Craddock, D. . (2009). Assessment options in higher education. . Assessment Evaluation in Higher Education, 34(2), 127-140. Jones, R. W. (2006). Problem-based learning: description, advantages, disadvantages, scenarios and facilitation. . Anaesthesia and intensive care, 34(4), 485. Joughin, G. (2009). Assessment, learning and judgement in higher education: A critical review. In Assessment, learning and judgement in higher education. Springer Netherlands. Macky, K. . (2008). High-involvement work processes, work intensification and employee well-being: A study of New Zealand worker experiences. . Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resourcea, 46(1), 38-55. Manley, K. M. (2008). International practice development in nursing and healthcare. Noe, R. A. (2010). Employee training and development. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Nolte, E. . (2008). Measuring the health of nations: updating an earlier analysis. . Health affairs, 27(1), 58-71.

Point of Sale free essay sample

In order to have a successful business, each of its sub departments must have this eagerness to learn new ways of how it will be competitive enough to deal with the ups and downs of the economic world. * Company Profile Dante’s Radiator Enterprises Corporation In 1968, Dante’s Trading began as a trading firm dealing with repair of automotive. Organized by its President Mr. Dante Caguioa, an entrepreneur backed up by skills and sheer confidence. It started as a small shop located at the heart of A. Bonifacio Avenue, the road leading to North Diversion. Since it as located on a busy site, the small shop was improved into a bigger one, for them to accommodate its fast and growing number of customers and clients. Afterwards, the company concentrated on servicing of automotive radiators. From the very first auto radiator, it moved on to making not only Marine radiators, but a fast growing demand for Industrial radiators made the company a name in the automotive service industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Point of Sale or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Just recently, the company re-entered to Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) from Single Proprietorship into a Corporation, one sign of the company’s progress. 1. Background of the Study Small businesses are the heart and soul of the entrepreneurial economy. They create, inspire, and fundamentally change people’s lives. However, small business across the globe including here in the Philippines have problems coping up with the fast pace development because of three major aspects, to be exact: management, non-utilization of technology, and sales and marketing strategies. Small business owners tend to be involved in every aspect of their business from being the bookkeeper, marketer, human resources manager, mediator, customer liaison officer and cleaner. They tend to do it all and find it hard to hand over these tasks for the main reason of the frown on spending any money. However, many fail to realize that if they invest their money wisely in accessing the right type of goods and services to grow their business and be more effective, they will see positive changes occur over time. They can become more productive and profitable. Small business companies tend not to use technology like computers and other productivity tools or if they tend to use it, they are under-utilized because of poor choices or cost effective decisions. However, the utilization of automation is a matter of perspective. Almost all small business have the mindset of not needing it because what they knew is that the process they are doing is already working for them and adapting change would disrupt the operation. Additionally, they are thinking that these tools are just cost effective move; because they do not know how to use it or even their personnel don’t, though they could learn to use it and yield it to their full advantage. For small business the basic automation process would be point of sales system. Sales or ordering system throughout the world has relied on pens and papers. Problems such as missing orders and information sent to the wrong place arise. Furthermore, some could not be able to handle the massive volume of orders. Under the old manual ordering systems, it takes up too much time to process. Here comes point-of-sale system a company’s gateway to valuable information. When a store POS system isn’t able to share valuable information about customers, sales, and operations with other parts of the organization, it can impact the bottom line. Real time ordering and improved efficiency has been the focus of entrepreneurs. As with many business scenarios, getting rid of paper improves efficiency, reduces human error and allows information to flow to an infrastructure without a time consuming data input process. There is also less chance of handwritten orders being misread and a higher customer turnaround as customers will be served faster. Thus, a POS Point-of-sale system is needed. 1. 3 Statement of the Problem 1. What are the tools needed to develop the Point of Sale? . How will the stakeholders assess the developed system? 1. 4 Statement of Objectives 1. 4. 1 General * Create a POS System that will fit the need of Dante’s Radiator Company. * To simplify the accounting and record-keeping tasks involved in business. 1. 4. 2 Specific 1. To develop a system using the following tools: a. VB. Net b. MSAccess c. Adobe Photoshop 2. To develop a system to be evaluated by the stakeholders in terms of the following: a. Speed b. Accuracy c. Reliability d. Efficiency e. Security 1. 5. Scope and Limitation This Point of Sale system provides log-in process for security purposes and only admin can control the maintenance of the system as well as the process. The main control of the admin is on items; only admin can add, edit and remove item/s. The other access will be for the cashier, he/she can also view the items but unlike the admin he/she is not privileged to manipulate the products inventory. This system will list down all the products the company has. In transaction, the receipt will be filled by inputting the barcode of the product then it automatically displays the item name and the price. When you input the same barcode, it will also be automatically counted and the price will be computed based on how many products were bought. In settings, we can select which printer is available and where we want our receipt to be printed. It also includes the dimension of the receipt and the size of the font. Once it was on the print view we cannot remove or add an item in the receipt else we go back to Fill Receipt tab. We also cannot save the filled receipt unless we select a printer. The system also counts the receipt or transaction held in a particular day by the receipt no. s primary key. The printed receipt will show the receipt number for that day, receipt date, item, price, quantity, sum of each product based on their quantity and the most important the total amount. SECTION II 2. 1 Review of Related Literature 2. 1. 1 Foreign * History of POS Point of Sale Over the years, more enhancements were made to the cash registers until the early 1970s, when the first computer-drive n cash registers were introduced. The first computer-driven cash registers were basically a mainframe computer packaged as a store controller that could control certain registers. These point of sale systems were the first to commercially utilize client-server technology, peer-to-peer communications, Local Area Network (LAN) backups, and remote initialization. In the late 1980s, retail software based on PC technology began to make its way into mainstream retail businesses. Today, retail point of sale systems are light years ahead of where they began. Todays POS systems are faster, more secure, and more reliable than their predecessors, and allow retailers to operate every facet of their business with a single, integrated point of sale system. (*http://www. retailsystems. com/history-of-retail-pos-systems. fm*, July 28, 2009) * 7 reasons to switch to a point-of-sale system If youre a veteran retailer, you know the problem: Your inventory doesnt match your tallies. Sales are going unrecorded. Your staff is spending far too much time chasing mistakes instead of tending to customers Something is seriously wrong, and youre just not sure what the problem is. These a nd other snafus suggest that its time that your business did away with its cash registers and stepped up to a point-of-sale (POS) system, such as Microsoft Dynamics Retail Management System and Microsoft Dynamics Point of Sale (POS) . A POS system is a computer software and hardware network that records sales as theyre occurring; it solves a variety of operational and record-keeping headaches. If you need more proof, here are seven signs that your business could boom with a point-of-sale system. 1. Your sudden shrink no longer goes undetected. POS systems such as Retail Management System are designed to immediately record any and all sales. Not only does that mean timely and accurate sales tracking, but a POS system also lets you readily identify inventory levels, particularly when what you have on the books doesnt jibe with actual stock. You see it with the onset of sudden shrink—when you realize that inventory is missing or your numbers just never seem to match up, says John Rarrick of RBS Inc. , a Nyack, N. Y. , consulting concern specializing in startups and small businesses. Almost every modern POS has a receiving and inventory module that, when used properly, can help pinpoint the cause of the shrink. 2. Markdown management is much easier. A common land mine for many small to medium-sized businesses is price reduction—knowing which items have been marked down and recording those discounts accordingly. Rather than wrestling with cash-register receipts at days end, a POS automates the process of introducing markdowns and, in turn, tracking them accurately. The trends in POS are not just inventory accuracy but the use of pricing models to allow for markdown management, says Gary Ruffing, senior director of retail services for BBK Ltd. , a business advisory firm in Southfield, Mich. 3. Promotions can be tracked more successfully. A similar dynamic holds true with promotions. Whether through coupons, special discounts or other vehicles, promotions can be central to attracting and retaining business. Trouble is, managing and reconciling short-term specials—not to mention pinpointing their impact—can be nigh impossible without the automation and immediacy of a point-of-sale system. Many small retailers invest in things such as direct home marketing, Rarrick says. At the end of the promotion, those with manual cash registers are hard pressed to tell you how successful the promotion was. The POS store can pretty much tell you to the penny how they did. 4. You can maintain control in absentia. You may be surprised to discover that you actually run two businesses: one when youre there and its evil twin when you dont happen to be around. Many operations suffer in employee efficiency and customer service when the boss is away. Automating a host of functions via a POS can help boost those areas, no matter where the head honcho happens to be. You simply cant be there all the time, says Jim Melvin, chief executive officer of Siva Corp. , a Delray Beach, Fla. , company which provides point-of-sale systems to restaurants. A POS lets you have that important level of control when youre not there. 5. Your prices are consistent from one location to the next. Nothing can prove more embarrassing than having a customer question why one item has one price at one store, yet a different price at another. If your business operates at more than one location, a point-of-sale system ensures pricing consistency. Even better, a POS system automates overall inventory control, helping to keep stoc ks in proper balance depending on demand and other factors, which can vary from one location to the next. It really lends itself to a better overall customer experience—the sorts of things a customer expects when he walks through the front door, says Melvin. 6. You get many tools in a single package. Buying business equipment piecemeal can be pricey. If you find your checkbook wearing thin from the expense of software and other gear, a comprehensive point-of-sale system may include them in a single package. Most POS systems have add-on modules like payroll time clocks and customer preference databases, says Rarrick. That removes the need for small businesses to invest in separate systems for those purposes. 7. You can make better use of your personnel. Little is more maddening to a business owner than watching his or her staff bogged down with inefficient, unproductive responsibilities, from double-checking inventory disparities to seemingly endless cash-register reconciliati on. Perhaps the greatest advantage to a comprehensive point-of-sale network is the freedom it can afford your personnel to devote their energy to what genuinely matters the most: helping customers. A good POS allows you to allocate your human resources to the customer service area of the business, Ruffing says. That means they no longer have to be counting, calculating, ordering, and checking cash-register accuracy. † http://www. microsoft. com/business/en-us/resources/technology/business-software/7-reasons-to-switch-to-a-point-of-sale-system * Importance of computerization COMPUTERS have changed the world of business. They’ve helped increase productivity, improve recordkeeping, reduce paperwork, track sales, and control inventory. They’ve helped people work more efficiently and profitably than ever before. The world is changing and is changing fast. With the globalization of markets, ever-shifting demands of the market, and the growing use of information and communication, small to medium business must learn to compete in order for them to survive. Especially in developing countries which the use and adaptation of technology is very slow;most small to medium businesses still operate with manual or semi-manual accounting systems. Such systems are labour-intensive to maintain, leave plenty of occasions for errors and create opportunities for abuse. It is difficult for managers to be competitive when they must work with outdated or inaccurate information. The use of information and communications technologies can significantly improve results: they can facilitate the collection, analysis, storage and reporting of information much faster and more accurately than could be accomplished using manual systems. Computerization also can help cooperative managers streamline operations, cut operating costs, enlarge their networks of members and affiliated institutions, increase sales and respond to signals from far away markets. Connecting to the global network of the Internet also has its advantages, allowing faster communication with members, partners and clients at a fraction of the cost. Speaking of cost, of course these benefits are not free; there are costs involved. Fortunately, in terms of hardware and software, the costs are relatively low and within reach of most small t0 mid-sized business companies. Yet they are not the only cost. Yet hardware and software costs are not the only costs. There are also â€Å"people-related† expenses to consider. Since the information processing needs of each cooperative are unique, these other expenses will depend on a host of factors, including: Size of the cooperative and volume of operations; Business activity of the cooperative; The type and number of computers and other supporting equipment to be used and The kind of software selected, whether it is commercially available software or Open Source software. There is also the cost of the upkeep and maintenance of the equipment purchased plus the cost of upgrading the software used as new developments occur. Lastly, there is the cost of the training of the people who will use the system, not just the preparatory training at the start but the continued upgrade training of them as new developments and updates in software occur. These â€Å"people-related costs† are usually underestimated and investing on your people is a must in businesses. Companies should realize that benefits do not come as quickly as might be expected. That happens because computerization is more than just a technical issue involving the installation and linking of a few computers and the development or use of appropriate software. It also means changes in work habits and the way people relate to one another; these behavioural and institutional changes cannot easily be predicted or planned for beforehand. They are the result of experimentation and innovation after adoption of the technology, and this can take time. Plus there is this risks just like in any other business initiative, there is also a risks in computerization. There is always something that can go wrong, and if the process is poorly planned and provisions have not been made to cope with the problem, solving it may end up costing the business companies a lot of money. The main way to manage these risks successfully is to plan carefully and adopt a project approach. Below is a table of computerization projects risks and ways to manage them. Risks Ways to manage risk EXTERNAL Electrical power supply is unreliable or erratic. Purchase of an auxiliary electric generator and/or battery-based uninterrupted power supply (UPS) for the cooperative may be required Unreliable fixed line telephone system. May require the purchase of a mobile telephone set-up, if mobile phone service is available in the area Local Internet service provider too expensive and service is poor. Find another less expensive or more reliable service provider. INTERNAL ACCEPTANCE Staff maintaining manual system fear computer will replace them. Explain that computerization can improve business efficiency which can lead to expanded operations and this will require more staff. Provide job re-training to redundant staff to work in new areas. Some staff feels threatened by new technology. Special on-the-job training implemented in a gradual manner may overcome this resistance. PROJECT MANAGEMENT Project objectives not met and member needs not satisfied. Develop a careful project design before starting and be sure to consider users’ needs. Estimate resources with a certain safety margin Define measurable success indicators at each stage of implementation Define scope and cost of project: What problems have to be solved? Does the coop have the resources to solve it? What will the net benefits be? TIME The project took longer than expected. Prepare a detailed work plan with clear milestones indicated and be sure to define target dates for each. COST The project cost more than expectedPlan carefully. Estimate the time required and costs involved with a margin of safety. Make sure that contracts with external service providers specify what has to be done, by when and by whom, along with penalties for missed targets. MAINTENANCE Post-project maintenance costs more than expectedAssess maintenance facilities before implementation. Plan upgrade (growth) of the computer system, both software and hardware Consider subsequent follow-up support requirements and costs, availability of a reliable service provider in the post-project period If computerization is so risky and costly, then why are businesses computerizing? Mainly because they realize that improving the efficiency with which they collect, analyze and use information will help them achieve their business goals. Below are some list of benefits that business companies can gain from computerization. a) Business services and management: Accounting and management: computerization of accounting and administrative records (payroll, invoicing, accountancy, bookkeeping, purchases and sales) and tax requirements (assessment of taxes and duties) reduces paperwork and offers the possibility of keeping updated accounting records in real time. Inventory control: product stock inventory records can be easily updated and additional information on production factors (agrochemicals, fertilizers, machinery, seeds), included. This allows for a better control of stocks, which can mean financial savings. b) Governance and member relations: Administration of member participation and member shares: computerization allows for the automated tracking of each member’s transactions and balances and calculation of his/her patronage refunds and dividends on shares can be quickly done. This improves the quality of service offered to members. examples are salary and shares) Improving member-management relations: automation allows for more frequent and detailed reporting to members by management and provides individual members with easier access to more detailed and current information on their business transactions. Improved communication and information sharing: computerization also broadens communication channels among members, supp liers and consultants, through the publication of contents on Web sites with restricted access (intranets), delivery of news by e-mail, newsgroups and discussion lists for debating subjects of interest, electronic publications, and so on. ) Policy level: Data access: raw data can be stored in digital format and accessed much faster. Using computer systems larger volumes of data can be easily saved and retrieved. Turning data into policy decisions: data can be more easily organized for analysis or presentation to assist in management and policy decision making. For example, cumulative historic production data can be analyzed and future trends projected in order to plan future scenarios. Networked computers allow for multiple analysis of data in an easy way. Optimization of procedures: the logical setup of computer systems leads to a more unified way of doing things, easier compliance with regulatory and/or legal requirements, and better overall quality of the administration. d) Capacity building in business management Learning: training in the use of computers to solve day-to-day cooperative business and member service problems helps in building new abilities in cooperatives’ staff and members. Real time information: it allows for instant access to real business information that can be used to support staff training processes. ) Communicating beyond the boundaries of the business: E-mail, mailing lists, and newsletters: computers, connected via modems to the telephone system and to the Internet, permit the use of e-mail thus facilitating faster, cheaper and easier communication between managers and distant buyers and sellers of the business’ goods and services. Web sites: a business can easily create its own public Web sit e to provide partners, clients, and potential byers and sellers information on the business performance and services. In summary, there are lots of ways in which computer and telecommunications technologies can help small business companies optimize their business results, solve problems, and assist in creating new member services or improving existing ones. Computerizing agricultural cooperatives: A practical guide by The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations http://articles. directorym. com/Habits_Of_Unsuccessful_Business_Owners_And_Managers_New_York_NY-r971702-New_York_NY. html 2. 1. 2 Local * LevelUp’s POS Integration Makes Payment a Breeze A tech startup is making it easier for quick-service operators to allow their customers to use mobile payment solutions. LevelUp, which created a customer- and business-friendly mobile payment process for restaurants, recently integrated with MICROS, POSitouch, and Dinerware point-of-sale systems. These three constitute 30 percent of all existing POS systems. This integration allows merchants to choose â€Å"LevelUp† on their POS during payment, and then scan a barcode that LevelUp customers have on their phones to complete payment transactions. When we integrate with a point-of-sale system, we supply [businesses] with just a 2D barcode reader that plugs directly into the POS via USB or serial, and it operates just like when you have a credit-card reader attached to your POS,† says Christina Dorobek, LevelUp’s vice president of partner development. In addition to making transactions faster and easier, Dorobek says LevelUp’s integration with POS systems also makes accounting more seamless and analytics more robust. â€Å"LevelUp, at its most basic, is able to track who your customers are, how often they’re coming in, [and] how much they’re spending,† Dorobek says. And one of the really cool net benefits of the loyalty program—the loyalty campaign that is built in to the system—is we see customers coming back, on average, about 20 percent faster, spending about 7 percent more on an average ticket. So there’re very tangible benefits to a business in terms of being able to grow. † LevelUp services around 300,000 active consumers and about 3,800–4,000 businesses nationwide. Though Dorobek says a majority of quick serves are using LevelUp predominately at the counter, many are also using LevelUp at the drive thru. The company has an open API, so any POS system is welcome to integrate, Dorobek says. She predicts that mobile phone use at quick serves will become a norm as time goes on. â€Å"When I look at the way customers are interacting with businesses, especially quick-service businesses, I think there is definitely a shift to consumers using their mobile phones, not only to pay, but also to check the menu ahead of time †¦ or place an order for pick up,† Dorobek says. â€Å"I think that shift to paying with your phone will be an automatic next step, and obviously is already happening, at least with 300,000 LevelUp users. http://www. qsrmagazine. com/news/levelup-s-pos-integration-makes-payment-breeze 2. 2 Review of Related Systems * CREST POS CREST, (Complete Retail Electronic Sales Terminals) these are Self-contained, single unit, self-installing systems, and are available only through us. CREST units are built in a 12 gauge, powder coated steel case, 16 by 16 attached on a stu rdy steel cash drawer of the same dimensions. Inside the case is an Intel computer with POS and Credit card processing software fully installed, configured and ready to use! The touch screen, thermal receipt printer, magnetic strip reader and barcode scanner are all attached and ready to use. Self-Installing means you literally take the unit out of the packing box and plug it into power and the internet that is it! Complete Retail Express Software is standard, and other supported software is available. Different Hardware and software combinations are also available, contact us for specific information. www. point-of-salesystems. com * DELL POS Dell offers three POS solutions. You can choose from versions for QuickBooks, Cash Register Express or Restaurant Pro Express. These are top-of-the-line POS software applications, and the computers Dell offers with the software are better than most POS systems. Through Dell, you can obtain a POS system with up to 4GB of RAM that is quite capable of running other business software. However, if you need a point of sale system but cant afford to pay too much in out-of-pocket start-up expenses, Dell may be a bit out of your reach. The version with the lowest price starts out at about $3,500. Dell does offer financing for those who would like to set up a payment plan. Through Dell, you can customize the computer and any of the peripherals that come with your POS system package to meet the needs of your business. The company offers multiple options for most equipment. The Dell/QuickBooks retail solution comes standard with a 15-inch flat panel monitor, a compact cash drawer, a barcode scanner, a POS keyboard and a thermal receipt printer. You can add upgrades such as increased RAM and speakers. Dell offers a wide variety of peripherals; however, the company does not provide POS products like kitchen printers, kitchen displays, scales, wireless inventory handhelds or PIN pads. Dell also does not provide tablet or mobile versions of its POS software. Unlike some of the other complete POS systems, the Dell systems are fully functional computers. This means you can access the internet, use office applications such as Word, Excel and PowerPoint and any other software you might consider, including accounting and inventory software. This makes it a practical choice for those who need their system to perform more than one function. Dell hardware comes with a three-year parts-and-labor warranty. If you need technical or customer support, you can contact Dell via phone, email or chat. They have training videos and manuals that you can access to help you get to know how to use their POS system. The POS system information says it comes with Dells Gold Technical support; however, this support service appears to be discontinued. We cannot find a description of this service on Dells website, and the link to the Gold support is a dead link. If you need help with the POS software, the software providers offer that support . pos-systems-review. optenreviews. com 2. 3 Methodology 2. 3. 1 SDLC Implementation Implementation Coding Coding Design Design Analysis Analysis Project Planning Project Planning Testing Testing Maintenance Maintenance SECTION III 3. 1 Description of the Existing System The group had an interview with the company Manager, tackle about their existing system upon getting the orders of the customers for them to start the making of their product, since, they were made -to-order service, and the process of getting the customer’s order needs to be accurate. By then, the company had this system of depending onto pens and papers on their transaction process upon the customers that sometimes lead to some problems: missing order, wrong delivery details, losing of proper information of the products, less security, cannot update easily the total payments made by the customers in the whole day, and lastly the inaccurate computation of bills and inventory of the products itself that could get the company to lost profit. Upon interviewing some personnel, they keep on complaining about their system that it was an old-fashioned type of transaction process where they were all depending on just a sheet of paper that may lost or something, yes they had these computerized transaction using MS Excel 2007 yet it still remains not so organized because redundancy of data occurs. Based on the answers stated by the employees of Dante’s Radiator Enterprises Corporation about the problems encountered by the branch about their current transaction process which is paper and pen dependent, the proponents concluded that the Dante’s Radiator Enterprises Corporation really needs the proposed system. The process of existing system in terms of maintaining the current information of each items are first the checking on the MS Excel 2007 of the current status of the customer, how much is the total sold for each of the items. Second, the cashier will get the payment to the customer then the sold product will be deducted to the total number of stocks of the company. Third, the cashier will save the current changes made to the records. Then lastly, the cashier will issue an Official receipt to the customer as a proof of payment. 3. 2 Use Case Diagram Ordering Sub-System Ordering Sub-System Point of Sale Point of Sale Automation Boundary Automation Boundary Look up for the availability Look up for the availability Create new order Create new order Update Order Update Order Owner Supplier Purchased Sub System Purchased Sub System Point of Sale Point of Sale Automation Boundary Automation Boundary Look up item order Look up item order Update order and price of item Update order and price of item Update Purchased Items Update Purchased Items Customer Cashier 3. 3 Data Flow Diagram of the Existing System (Logical Diagram) 0. 0 Cashier 0. 0 Cashier Customer Customer Customer Customer Purchased Release Product Payment Payment 3. 4 Activity Diagram Section IV 4. 1. Description of the Proposed System Point of Sale System provides businesses with the ability to computerize systematize and correlate retail information where here cash registers have limited information collection capacity. POS systems seek to automate as much of a retailers financial processes as possible. In Dante’s Radiator Company, they manually issue a receipt to their buyers and record it. So we come up to a POS System to help them make their transactions easy as for providing a systemized and automated issuing of receipt. And that is the main objective of our proposed system. Because POS is a part of inventory system, we included the list of all the products and the maintenance of it such as adding, editing and removing through that the products will always be up to date. POS will help the cashier or cash register to easily check for the products. In transaction, the cashier would only have to input the barcode of the product that the customer will buy to the filling of the receipt then add or remove if asked. Then, once it was saved we can now go and print it the way we want it Add product Add product Choose Item Choose Item Issue Receipt Issue Receipt Remove product Remove product 4. 2. Use Case Diagram Filling Receipt Filling Receipt Cancel Transaction Cancel Transaction Print receipt Print receipt 4. 3. Data Flow Diagram (Logical Diagram) Choose Printer Choose Printer Choose Item Choose Item 1. 0 Search Item Barcode 1. 0 Search Item Barcode Issuing of Receipt Issuing of Receipt CUSTOMER CUSTOMER 3. 0 Filling Receipt 3. 0 Filling Receipt 4. 0 Printing Receipt 4. 0 Printing Receipt 2. 0 Record Sales 2. 0 Record Sales CASHIER CASHIER Sales Data Inventory Data 4. 4. Data Dictionary LOGIN ID – primary key, AutoNumber, unique value of each user. Username – text, the user’s access name in the system. Password – text, the hidden characters pass of the user. ITEMS Barcode – primary key, text, the ID of each product of the company. ItemName – text, description of each product. BuyPrice – currency, the amount/price of the product which the company paid to the supplier. SellPrice – currency, company’s price for the product. VALUES Key – primary key, text. Val – text RECEIPTS ReceiptID – primary key, AutoNumber, the unique identifier of the receipt. ReceiptDate – date/time, indicates the time and date the receipt was produce. ReceiptTotal – currency, total amount computed in the receipt. RECEIPT DETAILS ReceiptID – foreign key, number, a connection to the receipt table. Barcode – foreign key, text, a connection to the Items table. ItemCount – number, defines the quantity of each product that was bought. ItemBuyPrice – currency, the buyprice of the product that can be found in the items table. ItemSellPrice – currency, the sellprice of the product that can be found in the items table. 4. 5 Entity Relationship Diagram RECEIPTS| KEY| ReceiptID| PK| ReceiptDate| | ReceiptTotal| | RECEIPT DETAILS| KEY| ReceiptID| FK| Barcode| FK| ItemCount| | ItemBuyPrice| | ItemSellPrice| | ITEMS| KEY| Barcode| PK| ItemName| | BuyPrice| | SellPrice| | VALUES| KEY| Key| PK| Val| | 1 1 4. 6 Form Specifications * PasswordPicker. vb * Form * Size: 299, 163 * Color: Gray * Text: POS System LogIn * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Buttons * Size: 87, 23 * Color: Light Gray * Text: Enter; Exit * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Labels * Size: 58, 13 * Color: Gray * Text: Username; Password * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Combobox * Size: 182,21 * Color: Window Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Textbox * Size: 184,20 * Color: Window * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Main. vb * Form * Size: 703, 476 * Color: Gray * Text: POS System * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * MenuStrip * Size: 687, 24 * Color: Dim Gray * Text: MenuStrip1 * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * AdminToolStripMenuItem * Size: 55, 20 * Color: Dim Gray * Text: Admin * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Ch angePasswordToolStripMenuItem * Size: 168, 22 * Color: Control * Text: Change Password * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * ItemsToolStripMenuItem * Size: 48, 20 * Color: Dim Gray * Text: Items * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif AddItemToolStripMenuItem * Size: 152, 22 * Color: Control * Text: Add Item * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * EditItemToolStripMenuItem * Size: 152, 22 * Color: Control * Text: Edit Item * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * RemoveItemToolStripMenuItem * Size: 152, 22 * Color: Control * Text: Remove Item * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * TabControl * Size: 663, 401 * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * TabPage1 * Size: 663, 401 * Text: Items * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * DGV * Size: 649, 369 * Color: Silver * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * TabPage2 * Size: 663, 401 * Text: Fill Receipt * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif Buttons * Size: 191, 23 * Color: Transparent * Text: Add; Remove; Save Receipt * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Textboxes * Size: 139, 20 * Color: Window * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * DGV2 * Size: 429, 369 * Color: AppWorkspace * TabPage3 * Size: 663, 401 * Text: Settings * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * GroupBox3 * Size: 342, 78 * Color: Transparent * Text: Receipts Printer * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Textbox * Size: 253, 20 * Color: Control * Button * Size: 253, 23 * Color: Transparent * GroupBox6 * Size: 335, 75 * Color: Transparent * Text: Receipt Settings * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Textboxes Size: 61, 20 * Color: Window * GroupBox4 * Size: 342, 197 * Color: Transparent * Text: Sample Data * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * DGV3 * Size: 336, 178 * Color: AppWorkspace * GroupBox5 * Size: 298, 366 * Color: Transparent * Text: Receipt Preview * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * PB * Size: 292, 347 * Color: Light Gray * ChangePassword. vb * Form * Size: 294, 169 * Color: Control * Text: Change Password * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Groupbox1 * Size: 270, 91 * Color: Control * Text: Password Information * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Buttons * Size: 75, 23 * Color : Control * Text: OK; Cancel Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Textbox * Size: 162, 20 * Color: Window * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * AddItems. vb * Form * Size: 398, 242 * Color: Control * Text: Add New Item * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Groupbox1 * Size: 355, 157 * Color: Control * Text: Item Details * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Buttons * Size: 75, 23 * Color: Control * Text: Add; Cancel * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Textbox * Size: 261, 20 * Color: Window * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * EditItems. vb * Form * Size: 386, 233 * Color: Control * Text: Edit Items * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Groupbox1 * Size: 355, 157 Color: Control * Text: Item Details * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Buttons * Size: 75, 23 * Color: Control * Text: Update; Cancel * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif * Textbox * Size: 261, 20 * Color: Window * Font: Microsoft Sans Serif Section V 5. 1. Feasibility Operationally This POS is feasible enough in company operation matter. By increasing process accuracy, retailers g ain smoother operations. The process will be much easier with POS System compared to the existing system so as much as possible there will be no interruption in the business operation of Dante’s Radiator Company. Technically POS will be technically feasible for Dante’s Radiator Company because they already have their units so there will be no problem with installation of the software. The only thing they’ll need is printer which will be less costly than buying receipt papers. When it comes into billings, this will also be less costly for they don’t have to manually done their inventory through their excel, with POS all data will be automatically retrieve and easier to manipulate. Economically As aforesaid using this system will be less costly for the company for it will save costs of electricity because of fast and easy use of the system. There will be printer but compared to the time spent on manual processing of their operations the company can even save more. 5. 2. Tangible Benefits When we say tangible, it is capable of being touched. In terms of POS System it has tangible benefits such as a computer which has different functions and can be so useful in a company or business, a printer which also can be useful, and most importantly the printed receipt which is more reliable and informative and will be the evidence of transaction. 5. 3. Intangible Benefits While, intangible is a nonconcrete thing, meaning it refers to the feelings and emotions of a human. POS satisfy the intangible benefit a business man/ woman can have. It satisfies their business processes by saving time and energy as well. This system also will make them save more money for its easy and fast process. APPENDIX * Cost of Benefit Analysis/ Development Cost Item| Description| Cost| Transportation| Transportation in going the house of the group member where we will do our study and some stuff involving the project. | Php150. 0| Food| Snacks and meals we ate during the overnights and during the process of this study. | Php200. 00| Rent| Computer rentals when we didn’t able to do it in the PC of our co-group. | Php40. 00| Document| Printing of the documentation. | Php200. 00| Ring Bind| Compiling of all the documents. | Php50. 00| * Company Background (Location Map) Dante’s Radiator Enterprises Corporation In 1968, Dante’s Trading began as a trading fi rm dealing with repair of automotive. Organized by its President Mr. Dante Caguioa, an entrepreneur backed up by skills and sheer confidence. It started as a small shop located at the heart of A. Bonifacio Avenue, the road leading to North Diversion. Since it as located on a busy site, the small shop was improved into a bigger one, for them to accommodate its fast and growing number of customers and clients. Afterwards, the company concentrated on servicing of automotive radiators. From the very first auto radiator, it moved on to making not only Marine radiators, but a fast growing demand for Industrial radiators made the company a name in the automotive service industry. Just recently, the company re-entered to Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) from Single Proprietorship into a Corporation, one sign of the company’s progress. * Screenshots * POS Login * Cashier Login * POS’ Interface for Cashier (User Access Level) * Admin Login * POS’ Interface for Admin * Gantt Chart * System Flowchart A A START START Start the POS Start the POS Print Receipt Print Receipt Next Customer Next Customer Login as Cashier Login as Cashier Login Login No Login as Admin? Login as Admin? END END Cashier Interface Cashier Interface No Yes Admin Interface Admin Interface Yes Fill Receipt Fill Receipt Add, Edit, Remove Items Add, Edit, Remove Items A A * VTOC (Visual Table of Contents) Process Point of Sale 0 Process Point of Sale 0 Login As Cashier 1. 2 Login As Cashier 1. 2 Login As Admin 1. 1 Login As Admin 1. 1 Process Data 2. 0 Process Data 2. 0 Read Data Needed 1. 0 Read Data Needed 1. 0 Print Results 3. 0 Print Results 3. 0 Print Receipt 3. 1 Print Receipt 3. 1 Generate Summary Reports 2. 3 Generate Summary Reports 2. 3 Calculate Prices of Items Purchased 2. Calculate Prices of Items Purchased 2. 2 Calculate Number of Items Purchased 2. 1 Calculate Number of Items Purchased 2. 1 Generate Summary Reports 3. 2 Generate Summary Reports 3. 2 Fill Receipt 1. 2. 2 Fill Receipt 1. 2. 2 Scan Barcode 1. 2. 1 Scan Barcode 1. 2. 1 Save Any Changes on Items 1. 1. 2 Save Any Changes on Items 1. 1. 2 Add Edit Remove Items 1. 1. 1 Add Edit Remove Items 1. 1. 1 * References * Computerizing agricultural cooperatives: A practical guide by The Foo d and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations * http://articles. directorym. om/Habits_Of_Unsuccessful_Business_Owners_And_Managers_New_York_NY-r971702-New_York_NY. html * http://www. microsoft. com/business/en-us/resources/technology/business-software/7-reasons-to-switch-to-a-point-of-sale-system * http://www. retailsystems. com/history-of-retail-pos-systems. cfm * http://www. qsrmagazine. com/news/levelup-s-pos-integration-makes-payment-breeze * www. point-of-salesystems. com * pos-systems-review. toptenreviews. com * https://maps. google. com/ * Definition of Terms * Data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the flow of data, modeling its process aspects. Dataflow Diagram is used as the visualization of data processing or the structured design. A DFD shows what kinds of information will be input to and output from the system, and where the data will be stored. It does not show information about the timing of processes, or information about whether processes will operate. * Data Flow shows the flow of information from its source to its destination. A data flow is represented by a line, with arrowheads showing the direction of flow. Each data flow may be referenced by the processes or data stores at its head and tail, or by a description of its contents. Customer (also known as a client, buyer, or purchaser) is the recipient of a good, service, product, or idea, obtained from a seller, vendor, or supplier for a monetary or other valuable consideration. * Data Flow Diagram is a chart that traces the movement of data in a computer system and shows how the data is to be processed. * Diagram is a two-dimensional geometric symbolic represent ation of information according to some visualization technique. Sometimes, the technique uses a three-dimensional visualization which is then projected onto the two-dimensional surface. The word graph is sometimes used as a synonym for diagram. * MS Excel is Software developed and manufactured by Microsoft Corporation that allows users to organize, format, and calculate data with formulas using a spreadsheet system broken up by rows and columns. Microsoft Excel usually comes bundled with Microsoft Office and is compatible with other applications offered in the suite of products. * Order is a confirmed request by one party to another to buy, sell, deliver, or receive goods or services under specified terms and conditions. When accepted by the receiving party, an order becomes a legally binding contract. * Products is defined as a thing produced by labor or effort or the result of an act or a process. * Supplier is a party that supplies goods or services. A supplier may be distinguished from a contractor or subcontractor, who commonly adds specialized input to deliverables. Also called vendor. * System A set of detailed methods, procedures, and routines established or formulated to carry out a specific activity, perform a duty, or solve a problem. * User is a person who uses a computer.

Hamlet - The Real Tragedy Essays - Characters In Hamlet, Free Essays

Hamlet - The Real Tragedy Essays - Characters In Hamlet, Free Essays Hamlet - The "Real" Tragedy In Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the death of a character becomes a frequent event. Although many people lose their lives as a result of their own self-centered wrong-doing, there are others whose death are a result of manipulation from the royalty. This is the case of Polonius? family. The real tragedy of Hamlet is not that of Hamlet or his family but of Polonius? family because their deaths were not the consequence of sinful actions of their own but rather by their innocent involvement in the schemes of Claudius and Hamlet. The first character to die in Hamlet is Polonius. Although Polonius often acts in a deceitful manner when dealing with Hamlet, it is only because he is carrying out plans devised by the king or queen to discover the nature of Hamlet?s madness. Being the king?s Lord Chamberlain, it is his duty to obey the king and queen?s wishes and it is this loyalty that eventually proves to be fatal for him. An example of hoe Polonius? innocent involvement with the royalty results in his death can be found at the beginning of Act III, scene iv, when Hamlet stabs him while he is hiding behind the arras in Gertude?s room. This shows how Polonius, a man unaware of the true nature of the situation he is in, is killed by a member of the royalty during the execution of one of their schemes. This makes Polonius? death a tragedy. The next member of Polonius? family to die is his daughter Ophelia. Ophelia?s death is tragic because of her complete innocence in the situation. Some may argue that Polonius deserves his fate because of his deceitfulness in dealing with Hamlet while he is mad, but Ophelia is entirely manipulated and used by Hamlet and the king for their own selfish reasons. An example of how Ophelia is used by Hamlet takes place in Act II, scene I, when Hamlet uses her to convince his family he is mad. Ophelia explains to Polonius how Hamlet has scared her, causing Polonius to draw the conclusion that Hamlet has an "antic disposition". Although this is the subject to interpretation and many believe that this is simply Hamlet taking one last look at Ophelia before he becomes engaged in his plan to kill Claudius, the fact that he scares her and does not try to alleviate these fears points to the conclusion that he is simply using her to help word of his madness spread throughout the kingdom via Polonius. In Act III, scene iv, Hamlet kills Polonius while he is hiding behind the arras in the Queen?s room. This event causes Ophelia to become insane and leads to her eventual death in a river near the castle in Act IV, scene vii. It can be seen how the combined scheming of Hamlet?s scheme which brings about the death of Polonius which leads to Ophelia?s death. The passing of Ophelia is a tragedy because she does nothing deserving of death, she is merely used for other people?s personal gain. The last member of Polonius? family to die is Laertes, Ophelia?s brother and Polonius?s son. Laertes? death is tragic because, although he kills Hamlet, he is avenging his father?s death, an act, with reference to the moral climate of the 1600s, that would have been condoned by the people who saw the play. The difference between Hamlet and Laertes is that Laertes does not use others to attain his goals and his revenge is in part due to the pressure put on him by Claudius. This makes Laertes? murder of Hamlet excusable and his death a tragedy. An example of how Claudius uses Laertes to try and murder Hamlet is seen in Act IV, scene vii. Claudius and Laertes are discussing Hamlet when Claudius says: Laertes, was your father dear to you? Or are you like painting of a sorrow, A face without a heart? He is asking Laertes whether he is really sorry about his father?s death or if he is just acting mournful without feeling mournful. Claudius uses these lines to lead Laertes into a plan to kill Hamlet, asking him what will he do to prove his

Case Study of Personality Theories Essay Example for Free

Case Study of Personality Theories Essay Abdul Hnnan a 12 year old boy, who has been presented with language, academic and behavior difficulties. Hnnan had a traumatic delivery and suffered from hypoxia. Hnnan’s early motor and language milestones were grossly delayed. He sat and crawled at 2.6 years of age and walked after 3 years. His language was delayed and he spoke his first words at 4.6 years to 5 years and in sentences after 5 years. His speech was unclear and could be understood by his parents at age 6 years. However, even now outsiders understood 75% of what he said. His gross motor skills and fine motor skills were poor. He started climbing stairs at 4 to 5 years and started pedaling at 5 years. He still could not pedal a bicycle, tie his shoelaces and button his shirt. Hnnan was a placid baby who did not respond, had no eye contact and had a squint. He slept for long hours and had to be force-fed. He was hyperactive, destructive and aggressive after 3 years. He banged his head. He disliked visitors and could get very distressed. He hated any object in the house being displaced and insisted on having everything in order. He was very difficult to manage. He liked to spin around and jump. At the age of 4 to 5 years, he started noticing other children and started taking interest in them. He became less hyperactive, less aggressive and was more amenable to instructions. However, presently he was still restless and jumped a lot. He could still spin around for hours. He liked being on his own but also could be talkative, over friendly and odd. He repeatedly asked the same questions and was naive. For example, during the interview he repeatedly asked â€Å"Can a cow hurt or not? What if I play with it, will it hurt me or not?† He had writing problems because of his hand tremors. He was always restless and distractible and could not sit for more than a few minutes. His memory was very good but his understanding was weak. His mother has to sit with him for hours to teach him language and concepts. He has difficulty with understanding complex or abstract concepts. He did not have problems in social interaction but had difficulties in social communication and imaginative and flexible thinking. Difficulties with self control is presenting as restlessness, inability to follow adult agenda and paying attention to other people, to what they might be saying, thinking or feeling. Abdul Hnnan was born in Lahore, Pakistan by Pakistani parents. He was the first child in the family. His mother, Wajiha, had a positive family history. One of her cousins was mentally retarded. Hnnan was born at term. His mother had high blood pressure. The labour was prolonged, 11 hours and a caesarean was suggested but refused. He was born limp and blue. He had hypoxia. He was in NICU for 5 days. His birth weight was 2.54 kilos. He cried well after 15 days of life. Hnnan’s early motor and language milestones were grossly delayed. He started noticing children at 4 or 5 years and started taking interest in them. Hnnan’s younger sister, Amen, 3 years of age was very sociable and talkative. Hnnan’s father was more patient and his mother more irritable. Hnnan was very difficult till age 6 years and was aggressive, non-compliant and unreasonably demanding. As he grew older he became more co-operative and could be rationalized with. Whenever his mother asked him to do something he ignored 5 to 6 times. After that he started to argue. His mother used reprimands, bribes, threats and force to make him do things. Hnnan did not go to school. The family moved to Saudi Arabia when he was 7 years old. His parents took him to a Neuro-Developmental Pediatrician when he was 9 years old. His mother reported that he did not like to play with toys. All he did was jump on a bed or spin around. He was very restless and distracted and had a short attention span. He could be very stubborn and insisted on doing things his way. He was generally cheerful and friendly. He repeatedly asked the same questions and insisted that his parents answer them in the same way or he answered them himself. He watched the same cartoons repeatedly. He constantly jumped or spun around. He used to grab things from strangers. He ignored a child crying till age 5 years but after that he gradually became more empathetic. Hnnan avoided staying in crowds as he knew that he was different from others and that’s why people were laughing at him. After that his condition got better. Following difficulties may become apparent in early childhood: Problems performing subtle movements, such as tying shoelaces, doing up buttons and zip, using cutlery, handwriting. Many will have difficulties getting dressed. They have problems carrying out playground movements, such as jumping, playing hopscotch, catching a ball, kicking a ball, hopping and skipping. They have a higher tendency to bump into things, to fall over and to drop things. Some find it hard to go up and down stairs. Some have problems with using scissors, coloring, drawing, playing jigsaw games. Case Study of Personality Theories. (2016, Dec 07). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

International Business & Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business & Management - Essay Example The company expanded to different countries through amalgamation, licensing, and acquisition. Carlsberg merges with prospective brewing companies and later on acquires whole ownership to the business entity (Blocker, et al 2003:140). The script entails the various predatory yet convincing strategies that Carlsberg Company employs in acquisition of new companies. Further, there are outlines on the on the future growth prospective, despite the fact that, the company still lags behind at a fourth rank. Lastly, there is a critic statement discouraging the ownership of more than 500 brands across different countries in the world. 1. Carlsberg strategic moves and predatory tactics in partnership, ownership, and control Carlsberg group entered the brewing industry late when other giant companies were in operations. The owners understood that such a company was vulnerable to stiff competition and failure in the market if they did not engage in proper strategies. The company realized that it could not concentrate in the local market whereas intending to yield profits and grow competitively (Mital, 2008:184). The presence of existing competitors threatened the infant company thus Carlsberg group merged the father-son two different businesses in order to counter extremities of competition. Carlsberg diversified investment to Denmark, U.S.S.R and the Asian countries over a period of almost eight decades. These tactics enabled the company grow profitably through economies of scale and prominent returns on investments (Estrin, 2004:271). The company analyzes the various trends in the markets and decides on the various tactics to endure, thus enhancing venture opportunities. The company analyzes the various environmental constraints in different regions, thus endures on formulae, which enable easier entry into the markets (Lopes, 2007:10). The company enters most of the markets through direct exportation and distribution in the different markets that depict chances of success . Carlsberg owns global brands, for example, the Carlsberg, Elephant, and Pilsner brands distinguish the company’s image above the other beer companies (Ahlstrom and Bruton, 2010:189). Therefore, the company wins consumer loyalty on venturing into the foreign markets due to brand recognition. The strategy adopts consumers in the new markets despite possible competition and at the long run; Carlsberg realizes growth in the market share. Another aspect is that Carlsberg adapts to a criteria model that enables the realization of tastes and preferences of consumers in the new markets, and this leads to brand customization to meet them satisfactorily (Halley, 2005:122). The strategies revolve around the objectives of profitability, competitive edge, and consumer value and satisfaction hence, the company strives to achieve them adequately. The strategies threaten indigenous beer companies who often seek options for cooperation in the market operations (Grunig and Morschett, 2012:24 0). Carlsberg group strategically engages in joint ventures to diversify investments and levels of profitability, hence always welcoming to coming seeking to form mergers. The company tactically targets to acquire the over fifty percent of the share holding capacity in every merger over the rival partner or affiliates. This criterion secures managerial prowess, and increased profit sharing rates over the partners who find it hard to survive, thus leaving Carlsberg to the sole ownership of the company after compensation.

USB Banks Take $2 Million Hit, a Detrimental Impact Essay

USB Banks Take $2 Million Hit, a Detrimental Impact - Essay Example Since the Swiss and European banks operate in a different way, this new scenario poses new challenges for implementing controls. The economy in the past years has been weak to say the least. Banks have been defaulting in loans as creditors have failed to pay their loans. These trickled effects have been a domino effect internationally. When one bank is hit by a fraud, it has a dynamic impact throughout the banks in the international front. One of the major banks that recently was charged for dealing with unauthorized revenue was UBS. The bank already was mounted with numerous amounts of risks and troubles prior to this massive problem. The Wall Street Journal reports that UBS was charged $2 billion for conducting unauthorized trades. The news pretty much shocked the financial market as the UBS AG accumulated a hefty $2 billion in losses. The crisis slammed shares of UBS, which on Thursday fell nearly 11% in Swiss trading and 10% in New York Stock Exchange trading. The British Police arrested a man for committing fraud and playing with equities. The news that UBS lost $2 million took a big detrimental hit as the losses crippled the European economy. The Europeans have become increasingly uneasy about withdrawing equity from Euro Zone banks. The convicted felon was a man known as Kweku Adoboli, a London-based trader who worked in the exchange desk. The British police confirmed that they arrested an individual who was committing fraud but have not charged him yet. According to officials, Mr. Adoboli was certified to work in the securities business since March 2006. Mr. Adoboli’s past experience in trading enabled him to conduct this fraud in a very passive manner. The felon was under a different alias in the popular job site called LinkedIn. Authorities are still not aware whether he still works for that bank. The bank officials made the discovery late when the London police informed the administration. Around 3.30 at night, the police confirmed their arrest of the felon. However, some parts of the how Mr. Adoboli conducted this scheme seem vague to officials. The officials were also unable to determine the casualties since UBS operates in major countries including United Kingdom. In midst of all these things, UBS discovered the hefty losses that they incurred. The UBS bank is still working hard to assure that all the positions are closed. In addition, the bank took a deep hit as their reported revenue fell from $8.2 billion to a $2.7 billion loss. The new shock undoubtedly raised the p roblem of the internal management control that were lacking in the band. Additionally, the unawareness the managers possessed was shocking. The management internal controls lacked the adequate understanding of mitigating the risks as this felon was free to conduct trades at his own will. Clearly, the bank’s risk-management system had flaws since it had to write down $50 billion in securities exchange. Collins Stewart, a key analysis of financial markets depicts the demise of this situation as he states, â€Å""A loss of this magnitude will very likely have occurred in the [fixed-income, currencies and commodities] division, the very division UBS has been systematically rebuilding after shrinking it by 40% during the credit crisis.† Undoubtedly, this will trouble the foreign markets. In addition, it might hurt the currency exchange as the Euro rate will dip down. It will also cause collateral damage as other banks might default in their loans. This