SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis of an organisaton - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2965 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? An environment is complex where the forces and the changes involving them are difficult to understand. Rapid technology change involving product, process or uses will mean that changes are likely to occur quickly and that organizations must stay aware of the activities of their supplier, customer and competitors. In globalization era there are lots of multinational company in the world who are compete with each other all the time .To find out SWOT and PESTEL analysis of an organisation of my choice is TESCO Plc. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis of an organisaton" essay for you Create order The easy provides information about information about supermarket Tesco which emphasis on its external environment analysis and industrys analysis of resource, competencies and culture. TESCO OVERVIEW: Tesco is leading retailers in the UK and largest food retailer in the world. Tesco is one of the three retailers in the world. They are operating over 4331 stores globally and employing over 470,000 people, in 14 countries including the UK, Republic of Ireland ,Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey and Poland in Europe and Japan, China, Malaysia, South Korea And India in Asia and the U.S. Tesco has five types stores such as extra, superstore, Metro ,Express and Home plus in the UK. The company sells mainly food product as well as non food product such as clothing and electrical appliance. It provides the service such as Tesco finance, telecom service and gas or petrol. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES: Though Tesco is leading retailer in the world but they are continuously compete with their rivals. Tesco make a biggest retailer by supporting of the customer and their staff. Tesco has done the business successfully in the UK and 13 countries outside the UK because of their strategy. Their strategy is to diversify the business was positioned down in 1997 and has been the foundation of Tescos success in recent years. The key external forces on organization are: Competitors Suppliers Distributors Creditors Customers Employees Communities Managers Stockholders Labor Unions Special Interest Groups Tesco is one of the biggest retailers in UK market. It has a well- established strategic for growth which has allowed them to strengthen their core UK business. The companys strategy is to broaden their scope of the business to enable the long -term strategy. Though Tesco provides product and service world wide so supplier plays an important ro le for their business. They have high expectations of their suppliers wherever they are in the world. Their aim to: build strong relationships with the suppliers get the best value for the customers give their customers confidence that they maintain good standards throughout their supply chain Tesco aims are to buy and sell product continuously. They have big supplier group and try to make good relationship with their supplier. Because without good relationship with the suppliers, it would be impossible to make strong supply chain. . They are proud of their progress and have made in improving labour standards in the supply chain. Tesco acts not simply through audits and enforcement, but also by working with suppliers, to help them improve their standards. ASDA is the main competitors for the Tesco. They also compete with Tesco at lower prices. ASDA has the second position in the market share. As a biggest retailer Tesco has a large number of customers. In business customer plays a vital role for them. To achieve the customer trust it not so easy. Thats why they create a value to earn customer loyalty. They arrange a tesco clubcard for their customer. Though ASDA also has provides their customer club car as well cheaper products. In this case their strategy is to provide the discount and double points bonus for the clubcard holders after few days. INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS: PESTEL FRAMEWORK PESTEL is a strategic planning used for measure the external pressure on organizations. It is use for understanding the market growth; turn down the position of the organization. Political Factors: Tesco is a global brand operating 13 countries outside the UK. Their business diversified in the world. So Tescos performance is influenced by the political factors. This includes the legislation, tax rate political stability. In credit crunch situation unemployment is common problem in everywhere. The governments encourage the retailer to create job opportunity for the local people. Tesco gives the opportunity for the people and also the government to reduce the level unemployment. It creates the opportunity from lower-paid, flexible hour, highly skilled, and higher paid which meet the demand form population categories such as student, citizens and disabled person. Economical Factors: Many political changes result in changes in economy. Suppose tax rate or interest is decides by the politician. But their effect on performance In the UK, Tesco could not expand their business. Because of, they have had already expand one third of their business in the UK. Social/Cultural Factors: Nowadays, everyone is very busy. Basically the British people who are working. So they have moved to the one-stop service. Tesco provides the food item as well as non food item such as electrical product, clothing, baby product etc and also the finance service. Customer can save their time and energy. Customers are aware of health and the demand of food is changing day by day .For the reason Tesco launch the organic product. Most of the customers are mixed origin. So Tesco try to meet all type of customer demand. Demographic changes such as an increase in women worker that leads to reduce the main meal preparation in the UK.   This has seen an increase in the meals for one or quick microwaveable meals to make cooking quick and easy. Technological Factor: Technology gives new trends for the Tesco. Tesco is now most leading company only because of internet. The customer and company both are benefited by the new technology. Customer satisfaction rises products are available, easy to online shopping; service can be more personalized by delivering the product through the website www.tesco.com. The company setup the self checkout point which more easily for the customer and convenient for them.Tesco opens the UKs most energy capable stores. Since 2000, Tesco has spent considerably in progressing energy effectiveness and it has succeeded in dividing the amount of energy its UK stores necessitate for each square foot of room (2006 baselines). The Cheetham Hill store is a major development for Tesco in meeting its long term environmental objective to dramatically reduce its carbon footprint. Environmental Factors There has been increased pressure on many companies and management acknowledges their responsibility to society and takes steps in a way which benefits overall society. As a global business their strategy could to minimize the climate changes. In Tesco, the corporate governance responsibility to becoming zero- carbon business at 2050 and helping the customer to reduce the carbon foot print 50% by 2020. A core tesco value is that they reduce them minimizing their waste which produces every store. Their strategy is to generate waste to energy by reducing, reusing and recycling it. Legislative Factors The performance of tesco is directly affected by government legislation and policy. The food retailing commission suggested setting up banning many current policies such as, demanding payment from supplier and changes the price without notice. The government tries to stop the monopoly controls. Tesco plc is a large food retailer in the UK market that operates 2,200 stores .The company offers financial product and service such as tesco banking, home insurance, dental insurance, car insurance telecoms service as well as electrical appliance, clothing, home appliance. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES: Environmental opportunities are only potentials opportunities unless the organization can utilize resource to take advantage of them and until the strategic leader decides that it is appropriate to pursue the opportunity. An evaluation of an organisations strength and weaknesses in relation to environmental opportunities and threat is generally referred to as a SWOT. A modern environment it is difficult to forecast. Tesco are strategically tackling the environmental changes. The following are showed how tesco might forecast it. Economic changes: The economic changes might be assessed by economic growth, inflation, interest rate. The retailers analyzed that tesco total international sales grew by 12%, opportunities new stores across Asia and enlarged customers number in the US. By international market growth the long- term recovery is happening although the pace and strength of economic Tesco provides the travel money where exchange rate 0% commission and overpound;500 is free delivery and customer get it from 130 stores around the countries. (https://www.tescofinance.com/personal/finance/finance/travelmoney/index.jsp) Demographic influence: For employment, Tesco create an employment categories mixer of populations such as student, working parents, and citizen and disable person. Political Influence: Due to the recession levels of unemployment increase. By opening new stores, tesco create a job sectors for the people. Technological Forecasting: Technologically tesco is much updated. Through tesco.com they are becoming a worlds biggest retailer. By opening a zero carbon shop they proved that technologically very strong. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS: PORTERS FIVE FORCES Threat of New Entrance: The UK retail market there is some competitors such as TESCO, ASDA, J Sainsbury, and Safeway. They are acquired 70% of market share in the UK market. They are operating their business in different ways like supermarket, one-stop service, online service etc and make them powerful competitors. This supermarket chain put a barrier to entry for new entrance. Economic scale is another barrier which is achieved by TESCO or ASDA or Sainsbury by providing the cheap products and good service. Suppliers Power: Supplier power is another important force which effect on the business. They are related to drive up the price. Their power is influence by the large grocery supermarket. They are bargaining with sellers to increase the price. Buyer Power: Satisfying the buyer needs is the core success of the business. Buyers can go any shop where they get the cheaper price. Suppose if customer saw that price high in Tesco may be they will go to the Sainsbury. So, every companys are main intension to keep their customer providing the goods and service. Tescos club card strategy retains their loyal customer which helps to increase the profit. Tesco provides the customer cheaper petrol and Tesco finance and cheaper car insurance. Threat of Substitution: This is a great threat of consumers where they drive to the alternatives choice. Generally substitutions are able to reduce the demand of product. There is a threat of shopper switching to another. For instance, Tesco has competition from Sainsbury, ASDA that can provide substitutes for their goods. This forces the prices of groceries down of that company. Competitive Rivalry: This is the very important forces for the company. The market leaders are dominated by innovating new technology or products. Mature or flat market it is very difficult to growth and customer are rising demanding. In this situation only innovation is the way to build market share. Mainly it is central forces, which involved the other forces. PORTERS DIAMOND THEORY: Factor conditions: Tesco has achieved competitive advantages through the resources capability such as skilled labor, product innovation, and technological competence. For example these are clothing to customer electronics product, and health and beauty to media product. Tesco also sells the food and non food product their own brands. Tesco provides the finest and organic brand. They are increasing their profit in non-food product and service. Demand conditions: A demand condition is major factor in porters theory. The production range depends on product demands. Tesco has a good demand in finest food that provides to the customer at low prices. Tesco non food service clothing and Tesco finance is very popular. Related and supporting Industries: The third element of national advantages is to Tesco is related internationally completive industries like Wal Mart, through the resource capability. Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry: Strategy: Last two decades Tesco growth increase successfully because of its strategy. Tesco strategy focuses on the customer demand and qualities product in cheaper prices. Tesco emphasize on four strategies for instance UK core business, retail service, Non-food business and International. Structure: Tesco operates in five categories of stores such as Hypermarket, Tesco Express, Tesco Extra, Metro and Home plus. Rivalry: Tesco main rival competitors are Asda, Sainsbury, Morisons, and Safeway in domestic market. Which leads them to expand their business is international market. PURPOSES OF SWOT ANALYSIS: SWOT analysis is used to strategic fit between companys internal environment such as resource and capabilities and external environment such as opportunities and threats. And Tesco is the biggest retailer in the UK and world third retailer. Tesco find out where there is an opportunity and how to expand their business. SWOT gives the companys overview and makes a strategy for the business change. Tesco is strategically capable not only sustain in the market but also strengthen their brand value. Tesco, well-known in the world as a food retailer, and continuously they are in constant competition with other retailers such as Sainsbury and Asda.They are the leading food retailer as well as lead the online grocery. SWOT ANALYSIS FOR TESCO: STENGTH: 1. Tesco Brand: Tesco is a well known brand in the world. Tesco have 30%of their stores outside the UK and they are planning to make it 45% through EU and Asia. Tesco operates 14 countries and 78% of profit earned from this countries. 2. Loyal customer: Tesco has a large number of loyal customers which continually support to them. Their main purpose is to earn lifetime loyalty, creating value for the customer. 3. Tesco online: Tesco is the worlds largest grocery shop through tesco.com. Tesco operates 270 online shops around the UK. The Tesco has a strong platform for development of their revenue.. WEAKNESS: 1. Though international business is still growing and Company expected to earn more profit from the next year. But still they are highly depended on the UK market (78%). It could be grate affect on latter. 2. Too much diversification is the other weakness. 3. Sometimes city market center they are failure to dominate the market place where the Sainsb ury create a monopoly. OPPORTUNITY: 1. Non-food Retail: New opportunities for Tesco in their non food area. The sales growths of hypermarket share are expected to growth 13% share of retail sales. Their UK business delivered a solid performance in completive market situation. Tesco trying to reach in high sells at non-food sector like food sector. 2. International Growth: Tesco now operates 13 countries outside the UK. They have great opportunity for growth in overseas countries. Their Asian markets offer a significant long-term profitability opportunity. Tesco has continually working through the recession to ensure their stronger position. This year they have plan to open 5.1m square feet of new space across the region, an increase of more than10% and next year plan to open 4.5m square of new space and 8.5m new space in china. They are trying to make a progress towards developing strong brand in the most developed Asian markets. This progress make the pledge strengthen the confidence in international strategy and long-term growth prospect. THREAT: Price war: Not only Tesco but also ASDA provides the cheaper price. This could consequences in a step down in profitability .Because of new management in Sainsbury price goes up. So they are bound to seeking the lower price to drive its recovery. Wal-Mart and Asda challenge: In the UK supermarket Tescos rank has been threatened when the Wal-mart purchased Asda. Now Asda can easily compete on price and wide range of goods. For the moment, Asda is the third largest supermarket in the UK, just behind the Tesco. So ASDA is great threat for the Tesco. TESCO GENERIC STRATEGY: Companys position based on its strength and strength is measured by its economic structure. As a biggest retailer Tesco also follow the generic strategic options. Generic strategy options categorizes as cost leadership, differentiation and focuses. The cost leadership strategy is that Tesco deliver the lowest price product and service at broad market. This kind of strategy is followed to sale the product at low prices and gain the profits compared to rivals and another advantages is that company achieved the big market share. Tesco provides the low price and gains the large market share. Tesco uses another strategy of differentiation, where they supply the unique product and service to achieve the customer loyalty. Customer service, technology, convenient online shopping and club card offers is the way of differentiation strategy. Focus strategy is used as broad categories for cost leadership or differentiation strategy as focused market. Tesco focuses on the establishment of inter nal competencies that support them to survive external pressure. Tesco has an interaction with government and supplier, in this situation cost leadership and differentiation both strategies are used to pursue the specific market. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES TESCO STRATEGY: The Ansoffs model is used to identify strategic behavior to the changeability of demands and opportunities of market place. Ansoffs model provides the direction for strategic existing to Tesco market and product development. Ansoffs suggest that the more turbulent the environment the more aggressive the company competitive strategy. Tesco has well existing and reliable strategy for growth. Tesco strategy focuses on the core UK strategy, non food, retailing and International. Tesco long term strategy, it has given the commitment to work economic downturn. Tesco adapt the environment change and make their strategy for future needs. One if long-term strategy is tesco club card for loyal customer. CONCLUSION: Tesco has an unshakable and steady strategy for their thriving business which has strengthen their center UK business and make expansion into new markets. Tesco long term strategy creates a scope for market position in the UK and outside the UK. Tesco diversify their business outside the UK and successfully have done their business. SWOT analysis provides the information about the Tescos business position, which is strength to compete with competitors and weaknesses to overcome it. PESTEL analysis evaluates the market position and sustainability in the market. Day by day Tesco strongest the brand value in the retail market.

When You Think Of The Word Democracy You Think About A

When you think of the word democracy you think about a politics. I am not a fan of politics at all but when someone says democracy, I think of a system of government that the population votes in a candidate through elected representatives. The schooling system does a good job noftying children that their vote counts. These are the rights that everyone has to fight about because they are very important. People always fight for the right to vote and their voice to be heard. The word democracy just does not mean that citizens are only being heard it also means that the democracy needs to listen to the voice. I also think that democracy means that not only are you able to vote and your voice to be heard it means we as a democracy have a huge†¦show more content†¦There would be no improvement in the country if there was no democracy. I think that is it very important to have one because a country cannot thrive if others opinions are not adhered. Democracy is really what you put i nto it After reading Dewey/Counts my perspective of democracy has changed dramatically. Reading those articles, I was more informed of what the democracy is. John Dewey dedicated his whole career to try to make Americans stay away from the â€Å"State-Centric.† He really wanted to make sure people were educated on democracy. If people are not educated correctly everything can be a disaster. As stated before it is so important for the education system to make sure students are getting educated enough that they are confident enough to be able to vote or speak up in any type of situation. America is home of the free and I really think people need to realize that and make sure they know their rights and wrongs. â€Å"Thus Dewey sought to conceptualize democracy as a mode of being a way of life, or as a personality formation. 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Adult Education Philosophy Free Essays

string(35) " humanistic philosophy was Maslow\." One of the philosophies that is important to adult education is the liberal philosophy.     The liberal philosophy, which Socrates is known for, aims to develop intellectual powers of the mind.   Having a strong intellectual ability was vitally important to the Greeks. We will write a custom essay sample on Adult Education Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who helped found Western Philosophy. He was very much interested in ethics and logic.   Interestingly, Socrates himself did not write any philosophical texts.   All the current knowledge of Socrates’ life and study comes from the writings of others, such as Plato.   Socrates was very much in favor of oral arguments, and loved debate.   He felt that much insight was to be gained from hearing others giving their views on a topic.   Socrates spent much of his life trying to prove that he was not the smartest person.   He would debate people over and over again, but he always seemed to have the best and most original ideas.   To him, intellectual capacity and prowess was the most valuable quality a person could possess. Socrates made a huge contribution to the field of education.   The Socratic Method, named for Socrates, is a style of debate that is used often in classrooms today.   Everyone gathers together and a question and answer type discussion takes place. As Seiferth (1997) states, the teacher does not give answers, but asks questions.   The teacher directs the session of debate by giving each student time to give opinions.   As each person puts forth an opinion, it is debated and critiqued by others.   This way, everyone can learn from everyone else. Therefore, it is the students’ own brain power that is shaping the lesson.   This is a good philosophy for adult students, because they have formed solid opinions and positions on issues.   The students’ life experiences can greatly influence their ideas.   The debate among adult students is often very thorough and can also contain a number of differing opinions based on what the students have gone through in their lives. Another scholar who was important in education was Skinner.   Skinner was a psychologist who made a huge impact on the psychological world with his idea of operant conditioning.   He also influenced the educational world because he thought teachers could be taught how to manipulate and motivate students to produce better results.   Skinner’s behaviorism is still utilized today. While a graduate student at Harvard, Skinner invented the operant conditioning chamber which studied the rate of response given when reinforcers were present.   His findings led to experimental, data-driven research.   The associations between an environmental stimulus, and a natural, recurring response, were found to be predictable. According to Boeree (1997) Skinner found that behavior could be shaped.   By giving positive reinforcers every time a desired behavior was exhibited, the behavior could become consistent.   A desired behavior became shaped when the behavior began to happen on its own without the needed reinforcer. Skinner’s behaviorism affected not only the field of psychology, but also education.   Skinner believed that every student could be motivated, and that behavior follows a predictable pattern.   If a teacher gave students a positive result for a particular behavior, they would repeat that behavior.   This is great for teachers because they can use a number of things to motivate students to do their work. This philosophy works well with adult students because they understand their own motivators.   Many adults are back in school to better themselves in their careers, so they are intrinsically motivated to do well.   The teachers need only to reinforce those pre-existing ideas that education will lead to a better job, and the students will respond accordingly.   The teacher directs and manipulates the outcomes desired by motivating the students with positive reinforcement. The progressive philosophy aims to promote social change through practical knowledge and problem-solving skills.   Active participation by all members of a class is key for the progressive philosophy to work.   Class members use their own experiences to learn and draw insight from, as well as a coming up with and testing hypotheses.   The teacher acts as a facilitator, guiding them through their experiences and evaluating their learning outcomes. A key scholar of the progressive philosophy is Dewey.   His model of learning included five stages: first, the student had to become aware of the problem; next they had to be able to define the problem; then they needed to propose a hypothesis to try to solve the problem; next they had to evaluate the consequences of the hypothesis based on their own experience; and finally they had to test the most likely solution. According to Zilversmit (2005) Dewey thought the classroom should be a model for the democratic society at large.   He felt that teachers should use the classroom to show students how real-world issues happened, and let them work them out as a true society would. Dewey believed that real-life experiences were the best experiences for learning.   Setting up real-work simulations, actually going out into the world to test a hypothesis and learn about an idea, were the best ways to get a solid foundation of knowledge about a subject.   The environment is also very important to the progressive philosophy, because the environment shapes behavior, just as behaviors also creates a particular environment. Progressive philosophy works well with adult students because most often they are already working and living independently in the world.   Learning theory from books is useful, but they also need the real-world component to understand the concepts.   They need practical applications for the learning they are doing in the classroom that can translate into work experience. The humanistic philosophy takes the real-world experience of progressive philosophy one step further.   In humanistic philosophy, personal growth and development are the most important factors to consider.   The students are self-motivated, and the teachers act as guides and aides.   They do not facilitate learning; rather, they are a sounding board or advice givers.   Humanistic theory focuses on the person more than the subject. One scholar of humanistic philosophy was Maslow. You read "Adult Education Philosophy" in category "Papers"   Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs were very significant in the psychological world, and also have implications in the educational world. Maslow found that each person had a number of different types of needs.   If a person’s most basic needs were not met, he would have trouble being well-rounded and meeting other needs. The needs in Maslow’s hierarchy are as follows: basic needs for survival, such as food, shelter, clothing; safety needs, which include the ideas that one’s home and family are safe, and that she has enough resources to live comfortably on.   The next level is the need for love and a sense of belonging.   After love comes self-esteem, which includes confidence and respect for oneself and others.   Finally, the last stage is the self-actualization stage.   This includes morality, creativity, and problem-solving. As stated by Simons, Irwin, and Drinnian, (1987), Maslow argued that if the basic lower levels of need are not met, a person cannot begin to complete the higher levels, and that educators should help students move from one level to the next. Following his theory, someone who is constantly hungry will not be very confident.    This is important for adult learners because there may be some students whose basic needs have never been met. These needs should be dealt with before venturing into the higher levels.   Conversely, many adult students will already have their basic levels of needs met, so the class time can be spent on working toward the higher levels and reaching the self-actualization stage. A final philosophy of education is the radical philosophy.   This philosophy puts forth the idea that change is desirable and necessary.   The learner and teacher are considered equals as they discuss their own actions and reflect on the consequences of those actions.   Much time is spent in discussions when teachers are employing this philosophy.   Students’ own ideas and thoughts on how to promote change are highly valued, and the group tries to come up with some ways of affecting change on their environment. A scholar who has been instrumental to this philosophy is Freire.   His emphasis on dialog and praxis were very significant to the radical movement.   Many scholars have felt that education needs to be the basis on which change is made.   Students have always had ideas that would help them, school, or community.   The best way to bring about change is to talk about it.   He also felt dialog was just words without action, so he believed in praxis, which is putting ideas into action. Freire believed that the key to change was dialog.   According to Smith (2002), Freire felt that through dialog, ideas could be expressed and evaluated in order to deem their possibility.   Since dialog is a cooperative activity that involves some basic level of respect, it can be used to great effect.   When dialog produces useful ideas that lead to specific plans, great and significant changes can be made.   Once dialog has is done and action begins, change takes place. The radical movement would appeal to adult learners because as adults, they probably view themselves more as equals with the instructors than younger students.   Adult students also feel that they have the life experiences to know that some changes would make a great difference in their environment. Talking about issues that they themselves have had problems with in their lives would lead to great dialog about what could be done to make things better.   Adults are also often quite practical; they would be able to come up with plans for action that would be effective and efficient as well. The liberal philosophy works well in a workplace environment where there is a need to promote higher level thinking.   Colleges often use the Socratic Method to get students to think deeply about and debate and issue.   In a business, the managers might get together and debate the merits of shorter work weeks. It is not often used on a daily basis in many workplaces.   It can be used in certain situations, but since this philosophy can take time to employ, it is not practical in many areas of work.   It is not used much in the military, where ideas are given down from the chain of command, and no debate is allowed. The behaviorist philosophy can work well in certain aspects of many types of environment.   The basic stimulus-response behavior associated with this philosophy can be used to promote good work output.   A factory with assembly lines would be a good place for the behaviorist philosophy because workers work as quickly as possible doing repeated behaviors. This philosophy would also be useful in other organizations where certain behaviors need to be repeated.   Employers could use basic conditioning to ensure that all hospital workers washed their hands after entering each patient’s room.   An appropriate practice and reinforcement would be well-served in this environment.   The military is also a great place to see the behaviorist philosophy at work. Soldiers constantly perform certain behaviors because of the known responses and consequences associated with those behaviors.   Behaviorist philosophy does not work well when ideas need to flow freely.   An advertising company thrives on new and unique ideas, so the behaviorist philosophy of producing repeated behaviors would not work well there. The progressive philosophy works well when there are environmental aspects to the workplace.   When workers need to find specific ways of solving problems, or developing step by step procedures for operations, this philosophy is often utilized. The scientific and project nature Thinking outside the box instead of just taking in information is an important aspect of this philosophy, so creative workplaces will get a lot of use out of it.   Hospitals can utilize this philosophy because there are always unique real-life situations taking place in the emergency room.   This philosophy promotes that kind of thinking. The military does not use this philosophy.   There is no need for creative thinking is when learning how to walk in formation or assemble a weapon.   Workplaces where specific results are needed do not use this philosophy. Humanistic philosophy is best employed where individual ideas and creativity are valued.   Medical research is one area where this philosophy is used to great effect.   Group discussion and discovery are highly valued, and that is key to coming up with new ideas to try for new medicines. Almost every department of a college has a research department, and the people who work there are self-directed, motivated workers whose main objective is discovery.   Human Resources departments often use this philosophy as it takes into account feelings and emotional responses.   This philosophy would not work well when direct results are needed. A factory that produces cars does not need to use group discussions very much, as radiators need to be assembled in a certain way to work properly.   The military does not use this philosophy very much; the need for personal growth and independence is not as important as the unit. The radical philosophy would be best used in workplaces where the status quo is not what they are looking for.   Government agencies designed to improve or change relations between citizens and police could utilize the dialog and action of this philosophy to great effect.   A lot of talking goes into party planning as well. A party planner would never be able to pull off a successful event without a productive dialog to find out what the client wants, combined with action that produces those desired results.   This philosophy does not work well in workplaces where the desired results are already being produced.   The military and assembly lines are already producing their desired results, so they have little need for dialog about change. It has been very difficult to pinpoint my own philosophy of adult education.   Each philosophy has pros and cons, and I can see how each would be beneficial in the workplace. However, my own experience has led me more toward the humanistic philosophy.   I feel most productive in a group environment where ideas are being shared, and I feel I have skills that would make me a good facilitator of other groups. I like to listen to other ideas and evaluate their merits.   I like to hear what others have to say on a topic that I am passionate about.   Therefore, I think the humanistic philosophy fits my personality the best.   I am also self-motivated, and could work well on a project on my own.   I have a hard time separating my experiences and feelings from my work, and this philosophy allows me to combine them both to produce good results. I also see value in the behaviorist philosophy, because I believe that all people have internal motivators, and if I could understand what those are, I could encourage a lot of productivity in the people who worked for me. I love incentive based projects and reward systems, and think everyone should be rewarded for a job well done.   I work well when given a task that I know has a reward at the end, and I think I could also plan appropriate rewards for people who worked for me.   Therefore, I think my own philosophy is a combination of the humanistic and behaviorist philosophies. All five of these philosophies have great value when it comes to adult learners.   It is important to understand the scholars who promoted these philosophies, as well as what the philosophies themselves are about.   Knowing what practices are employed in each of the philosophies would help any educator understand which one would be best suited to a lesson, as well as the unique group that is adult learners. References Boeree, C. (1998). B.F. Skinner 1904-1990. Personality theories. Retrieved May 28, 2009 from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html Seiferth, M. (1997). Socratic teaching. Palo Alto College critical thinking resource page. Retrieved May 28, 2009 from http://lonestar.texas.net/~mseifert/crit3.html Simons, J. Irwin, D. Drinian, B. (1987). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. from Psychology, The Search for Understanding. New York: West Publishing Company. Retrieved May 29, 2009 from http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/ Teachtip/maslow.htm Smith, M. (2002). Paulo Freire and informal education. The encyclopaedia of informal education.   Retrieved May 29,2009 from www.infed.org/thinkers/et-freir.htm Zilversmit, A. (2005). Progressive education. Retrieved may 29, 2009 from http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1012.html How to cite Adult Education Philosophy, Papers

Justice and Change in Global World

Question: Discuss about the Justice and Change in Global World. Answer: Introduction: The principle of the common good can only get perceived as common if every professional community both locally and globally is involved (Banks, 2004, p. 300). For me, the common good is limited to niche circles, and various challenges face the principle. Realizing aspirations of the common good in the professional community, locally and globally is challenging; social, relational, financial, spiritual, and educational poverty being the mother of all public good challenges. Such problems hinder unleashing the benefits of human dignity, and this calls us to respond with solidarity, sobriety, vigilance, compassion, and generosity. Concurrently, we are compelled to acknowledge the adverse effects that lack of common good has had towards enhancing education to our students, I being a victim. In the past decades, people enjoyed the progress of humanity for justice was key (Poronnik and Moni, 2006, p. 80). For me, we face between a society where a few people sacrifice for the common good and most of us selfishly protect our interests to enjoy own benefits. The lack of investment to education by the government has hindered us from accessing quality education which can help us innovate new approaches of leveling human dignity for all. Self-interest cuts across all sectors and is a menace when it comes to impacting justice over the people. From all the news, newspapers, and internet; it is evident from the social commentators that individual interest is a global social problem and affects professional communities. Our traditions value individual freedom over personal rights and allow us to mind our own business. An individualistic culture, it is impossible to convince students to sacrifice their time and personal issues for the betterment of the society. Appeals of realizing the common good in the professional community, both globally and locally are also confronted by unequal sharing of burdens (Barton and Levstik, 2004, p. 8). For example, it 's hard to ensure equitable distribution of job opportunities for students. Some gender, either male or female needs to sacrifice opportunities to enhance equity. From my experience, forcing individuals to carry unequal burdens in the name of common good is unjust. Students resist any attempt to secure common goals in their profession when such policies get proposed. Free rider problem hinder the success of common good in our professional community. Students are subject to this issue since some of us just want to be helped and fail to do their part (Bencze and Carter, 2011, p. 650). Access to free education is a common good meant to benefit all of us. However, to keep the school system productive, we need to be creative and innovative. Instead, students get lazy and assume this opportunity. From my research, the idea of common good in professional community is not consistent with various society's beliefs. The good life of humanity in the professional community is viewed differently by the community, both locally and globally. A healthy educational system is necessary. However, some countries or society do not see this importance. Instead, they prefer the resources be invested in health sector other than education (Harris, P.G., 2009, p. 90). We then experience this challenge in our endeavors to make the maximum out of our capabilities. Further, integration of common good into the professional requirements by students is difficult. The society both locally and globally has failed to agree on matters about the manner by which education costs are balanced against their benefits (Clatworthy, 2014, p. 5). I can tell that common good does not just happen, realizing its aspirations in the professional society requires cooperative efforts of all citizens. All people should acknowledge that these efforts pay off since common good is enjoyed without any exclusion. For example, all students enjoy the free access to education when the government finances this. The current crisis confronting aspirations of enjoying the progress of common good in the professional society reinforce the significance of global values for global social advancement. We need to employ more efforts in developing in-nation solutions that can adequately protect common good and humanity. We honor the legacy of the world's approach to humankind. However, we suggest that the government should employ extra efforts and invest more in the education industry to enable students to learn the benefits of common good, both locally and in the global arena. References Banks, J.A., 2004, December. Teaching for social justice, diversity, and citizenship in a global world. InThe educational forum(Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 296-305). Taylor Francis Group. Barton, K.C., and Levstik, L.S., 2004.Teaching history for the common good. Routledge. Bencze, L. and Carter, L., 2011. Globalizing students acting for the common good.Journal of Research in Science Teaching,48(6), pp.648-669. Clatworthy, J., 2014. Editorial.Modern Believing,55(4), pp.v-xxi. Harris, P.G., 2009.World Ethics and Climate Change: From International to Global Justice: From International to Global Justice. Edinburgh University Press. Poronnik, P. and Moni, R.W., 2006. The Opinion Editorial: teaching physiology outside the box.Advances in physiology education,30(2), pp.73-82.

Inclusion Debate Essays - Special Education, Educational Psychology

Inclusion Debate ?Inclusion: Pros and Cons Inclusion is a very controversial idea because it relates to educational and social values, as well as our sense of individual worth. Inclusion is the assignment of students with disabilities to regular classrooms in neighborhood schools for the entire school day. These children participate in all the regular school activities. It involves bringing the support services to the child rather than moving the child to the services, and requires only that the child will benefit from being in the class rather than having to keep up with the other students. Physical accommodations, sufficient personnel, staff development and technical assistance, and technical collaboration are all brought into the classroom to assist the special needs child in a regular classroom. Those who are for inclusion claim that segregated programs are detrimental to students and do not meet the original goals for special education. Recent meta-analyses show a small to moderate beneficial effect of inclusion education on the academic and social outcome of special needs children. Those who support inclusion believe that the child always should begin in the regular environment and only be removed only when appropriate services cannot be provided in the regular classroom. Another study assessing the effectiveness of inclusion was done at John Hopkins University. In a school-wide restructuring program called, Success for All, student achievement was measured and several positive changes were noticed: a reduced fear of human differences accompanied by increases comfort and awareness, growth in social cognition, improvement in self- concept of non-disabled students, development of personal principles and ability to assume an advocacy role toward their peers and friends with disabilities, and warm and caring friendships. However, for inclusion to be successful, adequate supplementary aids and support services must be present. The teacher needs to prepare students to be accepting of the special needs students by being honest about the nature of the child's disability and/or behavior difficulty. Although inclusion seems like a great idea that should be of some form of benefit for all involved, if not handled properly it can become a very stressful situation. As an elementary school student, I remember being in my classroom about mid-semester and the teacher announcing that we would be having and additional student joining us. She went on to explain that this particular boy had had difficulty in his previous school due to behavioral problems but that she was going to try to work with him. She asked that if he ever acted out towards us, that we not retaliate but instead go to her or the principle and tell them. She also asked that we be friendly and not treat him indifferently because of his behavioral problem, but to instead understand that he could not help but be this way. Although the teacher probably felt that by arming us with this knowledge we would be able to handle encounters with this boy better, we were in no way prepared to deal with the disruptive and sometimes abusive nature of this boy. The rest of that school year was very hard for all of us. The boy had no ability to concentrate, sit still or be quiet. The teacher would try to teach the lesson over his outbursts but needless to say, not much was learned for the rest of the year. I believe that inclusion is a good idea when all the proper facilities, services, aids and proper disciplinary strategies are present. However, if the teacher/classroom/school, are not well equipped to handle inclusion, it can become a very stressful hardship for all involved. The regular students will become distracted by the constant disruptions, they can even resort to acting out themselves because they are seeing the inclusion student is not being disciplined. The teacher can become frustrated with the chaos in his/her classroom and feel unable to regain control or not able to effectively teach the class with constant disruptions occurring. In my opinion, the best way to deal with children with behavioral problems or learning disabilities is early intervention. The greatest debate over inclusion versus special education for children with these kind of problems is that their academic performance is below those of their agemates. However, many of these students could have succeeded in school in the first place if they had had effective prevention and early intervention programs. There is strong evidence that a substantial portion of students who are now in the special education system could have been kept out if they had had effective early intervention. Studies of high quality early childhood programs such as the Perry Preschool, the Abecedarian Project, and the Milwaukee Project all showed substantial reductions in special education placements for students with learning disabilities and mild mental retardation. The program, Success for All, which combines effective early childhood programs, curriculum reform, and one-to-one tutoring, has reduced special education placement by more

Recruiters look for these 8 skills in every resume

Recruiters look for these 8 skills in every resume The specific skills you need to excel in the working world will vary depending on your field. But there are 8 general skills all recruiters hope to see, whether listed or implied, on your resume. Not only will these skills  help you get your foot into the door, but they’ll also make you a competent and respected employee. If you don’t have any of these skills, it might be time to acquire a few. If you do have ‘em, great! Start showcasing them on that resume.1. ProfessionalismYou’ll want to go on to describe this in more concrete terms, depending on your industry, but the skill itself is invaluable- and hard to teach. Talk about how conscientious and organized you are, and how dedicated.2. Integrity/HonestyIt sounds simple, but it’s key- can a company trust you? Will you show up on time and do the job you’re assigned? Will you keep sensitive company information from people who aren’t supposed to hear it?  Just listing these skills se nds the message that you find them valuable enough for precious resume space.3. AdaptabilityFlexibility and the willingness to do things outside the exact scope of your job description are highly valued traits. Will you pitch in where needed, roll with the punches, and evolve as your industry changes? Are you ready to work on developing skills you haven’t yet mastered? If you let recruiters know you’re adaptable to change, they’re more likely to want you on board.4. Industry AwarenessIf you know what’s going on in your industry, it shows you have your eye on the bigger prize. You’ll be looking past your own position- and even your own company- at the bigger picture. This will make your work better and your insights deeper. You’ll also have a better learning curve when you can anticipate the changes coming in your field.5. Research SkillsNo one goes into a job knowing every possible answer to every possible problem or situation, or even just the answer to every question that comes up. Knowing how to research well and effectively- and knowing when a situation calls for it- is an invaluable skill. The ability to research well also suggests you’re a great self-starter- able to look into confusing things on your own before bugging your manager.6. Work EthicFile this under good, old-fashioned stick-to-itiveness. Can people count on you to get the job done? Maybe more importantly, do you hold yourself accountable? Show recruiters that you take your work seriously and are willing to work hard to make sure you do things right.7. People Skills/CommunicationYou may match the skills requirement list perfectly for a job, but if you can’t communicate effectively or clearly (or if you’re just really bad at interpersonal skills), you may lose out on more jobs than you know. Brush up your email, phone, and in-person conversation skills, and convey to recruiters that you can express yourself clearly and professional ly via all avenues.8. PassionNobody likes an automaton, however effective. Show that you’re qualified, sure, but don’t forget to show just how much energy and positivity you bring to the table. Let your passion, drive, and interest in the field shine through- or fake it if you have to!

Marketing Communication and Branding Case Study

Marketing Communication and Branding - Case Study Example Consequently, the initial objectives that intend to be achieved with effectively implemented marketing plan are the following: Raising people’s awareness of the necessity to follow healthy and active lifestyle; Inducing of the community to benefit the society; Forming moral principles and awareness of own importance and consequence for the social problem-solving; Developing mutual assistance and intention to help other people; Providing full information about donorship centers, opportunities and conditions to become a donor and possible privileges for new donors; Showing benefits of donorship to public; Substantiating the safety and hygiene of the donorship procedures; Providing confidentiality of test results; Cutting number of drinkers and accordingly increasing number of donors by 50 per cent during a scheduled period; Proposing new effective methods of donors’ stimulating and attracting. Achieving of the defined objectives should give results in three main aspects. First of all people must understand the importance and necessity of the donorship for the society and particular individual. It is essential to develop mutual assistance and feelings of responsibility in peoples’ deeds. Secondly, population of United Kingdom has to realize that the procedure of donorship is totally safe and harmless, if donor complies with required regulations. And the last urgent direction that is defined by mentioned objectives will be elaborating of the effective methods, which are aimed to raise the number of volunteers due to the demand of the hospitals and clinics. Answer 2. Taking into account all stated goals, several areas of the future performance should be outlined. In this respect, it is recommended for the National Blood Service, first of all, to make an emphasis on safety of the blood donorship. For example, it could be essential to ensure future donors with preliminary consultations, accentuating the usage of sterile needles and gloves by medic al workers. It can help to convince people of a thought that they will not get infected with any disease during the procedure. The second crucial aspect of the strategy is to work out the most attracting motives for the future donors. With this aim it can be suggested to stimulate the rate of donors with financial support. The obligatory payment for each donor should be nominal, though easy money will be able to pull a lot of students and unemployed people into donorship. For the first time new donor will get minimal award, but for the following procedure organization may increase its payments. In addition, it can be important to reward each donor with a small bar of chocolate that helps to restore the haemoglobin level. From one side it is just a trifle, but on the other hand this sign of care will improve donors’ conditions and the process of rehabilitation. Moreover, to enhance number of volunteers for giving blood the NBS may guarantee them to be served in the local hospi tals fully or partly free of charge. Also people may become more available for donorship if, for example, one of the benefits of being a blood donor will be a privilege and right to make appointment with dentist or laryngologist out of turn. For those people who cherish their time this benefit is going to be influential. To attain mentioned goals it is urgent to use special marketing tools that form push and pull strategies. First strategy can be implemented by means of mass

Volunteer activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Volunteer activity - Essay Example For this reason, continued pollution of an environment aims at altering environment that in turn expose them hazardous conditions. The idea of offering a service to the fewer fortunes struck my mind when I attended the mosque for the prayer service. It was their idea and I thought it could be of extreme importance to the fewer fortunes when implemented. The job was door to door walk with the aim of collecting clothing’s and bedding from the neighbourhood. I was unable to meet the deadline during my first attempt just because I felt ill. Later, I did my inquiry about the location and the name of the local shelter where I could deliver my collections. Fortunately, my inquiry was fruitful. Thereafter, I walked out for the collection from friends and neighbours. I managed to collect several bags of blankets and sleeping bags and approximately three large bags of coats and clothing which I delivered the local shelter. I felt comfortable doing the job and I will not hesitate to do it or activity of a similar kind once

Why does Warren Buffett rely heavily on Net Working Capital analysis Essay - 2

Why does Warren Buffett rely heavily on Net Working Capital analysis as his principal method of valuing businesses Do you agree - Essay Example When current assets are twice the size of current liabilities, net working capital is enough for most businesses to avoid its problems. If the value of current assets is less than one and a half size of current liabilities, then the business would be short of working capital that will result in the difficulty to meet its immediate debts. Businesses having difficulty in controlling their cash flow and working capital are said to have liquidity problems. Liquid assets are those assets that can be easily changed in to cash such as stock, debtors and short term investments. Buffett looks and analyses a business mainly with ‘owner earnings’ and ‘return on equity’ measures both in turn give an overall picture of cash flow available in a business and its operational efficiency. According to Buffet’s analysis method, it is very obvious that increased working capital can be viewed as cash out flow because money that are owed by debtors to the business or occupied in stocks cannot be utilized for meeting any other payments and hence no returns can be expected. Here, even though the working capital shows increases, the business can be viewed as inefficient as it failed to collect debtors on time. From assessing a business through mere working capital analysis, Buffett finds an advanced method of analyzing exact net working capital or cash flow available to the shareholders through ‘owner earning’ analysis. Capital expenditure, that is the money needed to spend on purchasing or upgrading plant or equipments, is deducted from net income and hence it forms as an Economic Value Added (EVA) analysis. By adding depreciation and amortization back also it gives an accurate cash flow available to shareholders. This analysis method looks at the ability of a firm to generate cash for its residual owners. Even though, the decisive

Hypothetical Case Study Childhood Sexual Abuse Social Work Essay

Hypothetical Case Study Childhood Sexual Abuse Social Work Essay This presentation analyzes a hypothetical case study of a young girl aged six and a half years who was taken for treatment by her mother, as a result of the girls sexual abuse by her mothers boyfriend. The court has ordered Melissa and her mother Asher to go for treatment after the judge and the social workers dealing with the case established that Melissas claims of being sexually abused were true. When the assessment began, Melissa was 6 years old, and her mother was 27 years old. Asher had been married at 20years but was divorced from Melissas father and had completely distanced herself from him. At the time of the case, Asher had moved in with her boyfriend, Tony, for about year and half. He had started molesting Melissa around seven months earlier. At first Melissa could not open up to her mother because Tony had threatened to kill her if she told anything to her mother. When Melissa decided to break the silence her mother could not initially believe her, and had brushed it off, but she later decided to investigate when she realized that her daughters behavior had really changed and she had become withdrawn and fearful, it was then that she discovered the shocking revelation of what had been happening to her daughter. The therapists also came to learn that Melissas mother also had an abusive childhood, she came from a broken home whereby her mother had divorce with Ashers abusive and alcoholic dad and worse of it had been sexually abused once. The paper discusses that although the girl is the main patient, she is part of larger system that she is connected to; which is very relevant to her case and also course of treatment. Process of the crisis Urie Bronfenbrenner came up with an ecological systems theory explaining how all things in a child and the childs surroundings have an impact on how the child grows. He examined levels of the environment that impact a childs growth, which include the micro system, the immediate surrounding of a child such as the family relationships, the mesosystem, which describes how the various parts of a childs micro system cooperate in order to help the child. The exosystem level consist of the others that the child may not be in contact with her but still affect her in a big way for example parents workplaces, and relationships Bronfenbrenners final level is macro system; its the most remote set of things to a child but still has a great impact on the child. For example freedoms permitted by the government and cultural values. All these affect how a child develops positively or negatively. Using Urie Bronfenbrenners ecological model, I will examine the context of Melissas case, the impact of the sexual abuse in her life, the preferred treatment for both the mother and child and how to avoid future   abuse. Encompassing the mesosystem is exosystem, the broader settings that define Melissas life, and the macrosystem, the cultural values that determine how she and those surrounding her are required to behave. Through the abuse, Tony violated the expected values, and Ashers early refusal to believe what her daughter told her also cut off the girl from the covering that an individual is supposed to be given by the larger society. Nevertheless, the legal system, which is normally a part of the exosystem, has got into a closer circle of Melissas life and attempts to correct the violations of those close to her (Finkelhor, 1986). This has led to an ecological transition, a situation in which an individuals place in ecological environment is changed due to change in the role one plays, setting, or both. Although distressing for Melissa and her mother, the transition is an important, positive move in the healing of both individuals. Interestingly, therapists discovery that Asher was herself sexually abused leads to applicable considerations that will assist in the treatment both of them. These considerations are also important in explaining the current psychopathologies seen in Finkelhor (1986) where he explains that traumas and mal-adaptations during childhood reoccur many times in later generations; children from dysfunctional families mostly create their own dysfunctional families they go with the patterns they learned when growing up. Asher has given Melissa the only kind of childhood she herself knows. Effects When Melissa was taken for treatment the first time she looked afraid, depressed and uncertain. When we look at the effects of sexual abuse can be looked into with the conceptualization of Finkelhor, the traumatogenic impacts of sexual abuse is widely used. The effects are divided into four categories, as explained below; Traumatic sexualization refers to ill disposed feelings about sex, and the sexual identity problems. Stigmatization which is manifested in guilty feelings and feeling responsible for the abuse or of disclosure. The other effect is betrayal, whereby it is downgrading the trust in people who are required to be protectors and nurturers of children. Powerlessness includes a view of being vulnerable and a victim and the behavioral manifestations of anxiety consist of phobias, insomnia, and eating disorders; Management of the case In Melissas case management there are various considerations that need to be made. Hence, coordination is very important. The things that the team are required to put in mind at this stage of intervention are disconnection of the child /or the offender from the family, the part played by the juvenile court and the criminal court and also the plan for treatment of the family Before a treatment plan is developed, it is vital to understand the cause abuse; there are various models as explained by Finkelhor under Sexual Abuse Causal Models. In history there have been two major models namely the family-focused and the offender-focused perspectives. Efforts have been made to integrate the two by Finkelhor who developed a causation model that involves both the family-, and offender-focused perspectives.. Finkelhor explains four preconditions that must be involved for sexual abuse to take place, factors connected to the abusers force to sexually abuse; factors inducing the abuser to overcome internal obstacles; factors inducing the abuser to overcome external inhibitors and factors inducing to overcome the childs resistance Modalities of treatment In treatment modalities, whereby the main goal in sexual abuse treatment is to deal with the impacts of sexual abuse, and decrease the risks of future sexual abuse. Treatment Issues for the Victim that will have to be attended to be are; Trust whereby; there are devastating effects on childrens relationship, especially being able to trust o people. In family sexual abuse, the effect is worse as in the case of Melissa because her stepfather, who should be her protector, exploits and violates the limits of acceptable values. A non- offending parent like Melissas mother who could not believe her initially accelerates this damage. The therapist is required to establish circumstances where the child has positive participation with trusted adults in order to correct the childs ability to trust. Emotional Reactions to Sexual Abuse whereby the child feeling being victimized in that she feels as if she is responsible and starts feeling guilty, having a disorganized sense of self and low self-esteem because of being involved in sexual abuse. The therapist is required to help the child understand and accept that she was not responsible and also make her feel good again about herself. Protection from future victimization Protection from Future Victimization whereby the abused child needs taught future protection strategies. The child should be taught to say no and tell a trustworthy person may be useful. Treatment Issues for the Mother Treatment Issues for the Mother particularly in cases involving the mothers in interfamilial as in Ashers case. Just like the victim Melissa her mother will need to undergo treatment in several areas such as areas connected to Sexual Abuse It is hard for mothers of victims, to comprehend why a grownup may go sexual with a child. This is an issue that the clinician should address with the mother. The therapist can offer professional explanation into the causes of abuse specific to the case. Another issue to be addressed believing the childs disclosure of the sexual abuse. The therapist can explain makes her believe that the child is telling the truth or conclude that children do not make false allegations on such matters. Eventually the therapist will help the mother comprehend her duty in the abuse, if she had one. She is not to blame but in some way may have played a part to prolonged abuse as in the case of Melissa and Asher for not believing her initially Improving the mother-child relationship is also very important because it is an important step in assisting the mother to be protective of her child in future. In the case of intrafamilial abuse like Melissas case, the mother should decide if she wants to cut off her relationship with the abuser or salvage her relationship. Personal issues such as past trauma as having been sexually abused herself which is the case of Melissa. Such an experience has various impacts in on the mothers ability to deal with her childs abuse. The mother may be not being in a position to cope because she has not dealt with her own sexual abuse. Hence her abuse has to be addressed as in the case of Asher. She may not suspect risky situation quickly and her decisions of partners, playing part in moving in with a man who goes sexual with children. Hence in conclusion, childhood sexual abuse is a very sensitive issue that has to be dealt with to avoid future destruction of the childrens lives Reference Finkelhor, D. (1986). The Effects of Sexual Abuse, in D. Finkelhor et al., Eds. Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Essay --

Many students believe that a historian’s job is only to understand the past; likewise they believe that a human scientist’s job is solely to change the future. However, as a â€Å"knower†, I now comprehend that there is much more to these jobs than meets the eyes. I believe that these job â€Å"definitions† only describe the mere superficial part of the job, that there is a lot more to being a historian or a human scientist then just one simple task. However with these job â€Å"definitions†, that society has given, are many complex questions on how we accumulate knowledge on certain issues, these questions are known as knowledge issues. Some of the knowledge issues included in the job â€Å"definitions† are: Could history be seen as a cycle? To what extent can a historian â€Å"understand† the past? Do human scientists invent new ideas and theories or do they reinforce past paradigms? In what ways do the human sciences contribute to the future? In order to answer these questions I have decided to examine historians and human scientists in terms of how they engage the past and the future. There are many people who claim they have the â€Å"true† history; these types of people are known as historians. In this case my definition of historian is: an expert in the study of history, especially in that of a particular period, region, or social phenomenon. There are many different kinds of historians ranging from economics to environmental, and even to, urban. However in history, which we want to focus on, we have orthodox, revisionist, post-revisionist and many more. One may ask himself why there are so many different historians if there was but only ONE true accurate history. This is because history is full of â€Å"gaps† which the historians TRY to fill with their ow... ...ut does not give an explanation. On the other hand I define law as a concept that shows the direction of movement of a variable and gives a reliable explanation for the movement. Additionally human scientist may confuse a correlation with a casual connection. The transcendentalist poet Wystan Hugh Auden once said, â€Å"There is more than meets the eye.† These idea of concepts being more complex then they seem surround the jobs of historians and human scientists. The historian doesn’t simply understand the past for knowledge but also for the benefit that comes from it, such as to better understand the present and supply guidance for the future: â€Å"In history lie all the secrets of statecraft†. Likewise, human scientist attempt to explain and understand trends of human behavior; however, this is only achieved by examining the past the gain a comprehension on the subject.